By convention in some law reports, the appellant is named first.

By convention, the top strand is written from the 5 ' end to the 3 ' end ; thus, the bottom strand is written 3 ' to 5 '.

By convention, the bicyclic β-lactams are numbered starting with the position occupied by sulfur in the penams and cephems, regardless of which atom it is in a given class.

By convention the products form the numerator.

By modern convention, enclosures are numbered from the centre outwards.

By convention, a calendar year consists of a natural number of days.

) By convention, L ( P, P )

By direct substitution, the solution to this equation can be readily shown to be the scalar Green's function, which in the spherical coordinate system ( and using the physics time convention ) is:

By convention, unknowns are denoted by letters at the end of the alphabet, x, y, z, w, …, while knowns are denoted by letters at the beginning, a, b, c, d, ….

By convention, the charge carried by electrons is deemed negative, and that by protons positive, a custom that originated with the work of Benjamin Franklin.

By historical convention, a positive current is defined as having the same direction of flow as any positive charge it contains, or to flow from the most positive part of a circuit to the most negative part.

By convention, electric engine refers to a railroad electric locomotive, rather than an electric motor.

By convention, letters at the beginning of the alphabet ( e. g. ) are typically used to represent constants, and those toward the end of the alphabet ( e. g. and ) are used to represent variables.

By convention, the charge of an electron is − 1, while that of a proton is + 1.

By convention the subroutine expected this and the first thing it did was to overwrite its final jump instruction with that address so that it returned.

( By modern convention, the sequence begins with F < sub > 0 </ sub > = 0.

By convention, this may only be advised by the Prime Minister.

By convention, the longest serving state governor holds a dormant commission, allowing an assumption of office to commence whenever a vacancy occurs.

By convention, the Prime Minister is appointed to this Council and advises as to which parliamentarians shall become ministers and parliamentary secretaries.

By law and Southern social convention, household heads were adult, white propertied males, and all white women and all African Americans were thought to require protection and guidance because they lacked the capacity for reason and self-control.

By convention the audience realises that the character's speech is unheard by the other characters on stage.

By defying the convention of painting on an upright surface, he added a new dimension by being able to view and apply paint to his canvases from all directions.

By convention, one of these, the Prime Meridian, which passes through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, England, establishes the position of zero degrees longitude.

By convention, physical quantities are organized in a dimensional system built upon base quantities, each of which is regarded as having its own dimension.

By channeling a large electric current through the compressed carbon granules in the microphone, a small sound signal could produce a much larger electric signal.

Coal ( from the Old English term col, which has meant " mineral of fossilized carbon " since the 13th century ) is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds By comparison in 2007, natural gas provided of oil equivalent per day, while oil provided per day.

By breaking down dead organic matter, decomposers release carbon back to the atmosphere and facilitate nutrient cycling by converting nutrients stored in dead biomass back to a form that can be readily used by plants and other microbes.

By decomposing these molecules, fungi play a critical role in the global carbon cycle.

By the Cisuralian, both oxygen and carbon dioxide had recovered to more normal levels.

* By material: they can be chemical elements ( as mercury or lead ), alloys ( as niobium-titanium or germanium-niobium or niobium nitride ), ceramics ( as YBCO or the magnesium diboride ), or organic superconductors ( as fullerenes or carbon nanotubes, though these examples technically might be included among the chemical elements as they are composed entirely of carbon ).

By fermentation, the yeast species Saccharomyces cerevisiae converts carbohydrates to carbon dioxide and alcohols – for thousands of years the carbon dioxide has been used in baking and the alcohol in alcoholic beverages.

By the late 1990s, the use of blowing agents such as carbon dioxide, pentane, 1, 1, 1, 2-tetrafluoroethane ( HFC-134a ) and 1, 1, 1, 3, 3-pentafluoropropane ( HFC-245fa ) became more widespread in North America and the EU, although chlorinated blowing agents remained in use in many developing countries.

By this means, sodium aluminate is formed ; it is then extracted with water and precipitated either by sodium bicarbonate or by passing a current of carbon dioxide through the solution.

By choosing porous graphitic carbon as a stationary phase for liquid chromatography, even non derivatized glycans can be analyzed.

By removing this greenhouse gas from the air, forests function as terrestrial carbon sinks, meaning they store large amounts of carbon.

By the 1960s the Borger area was one of the largest producers of oil, carbon black, and petrochemicals and supplies in the state.

By 1860 he was able to demonstrate a working device, and obtained a British patent covering a partial vacuum, carbon filament incandescent lamp.

By careful mechanical arrangement the liquid oxygen can be removed from the other parts of the air, notably water, nitrogen and carbon dioxide, at which point it can be fed into the engine as usual.

By the time a second archaeological excavation was undertaken to Paviland Cave in 1912, it was recognized through comparison with other discoveries that had been made in Europe, that the remains were from the Palaeolithic-although before carbon dating was invented in the 1950s there was no way of determining the actual age of any pre-historic remains.

By analyzing the concentrations of carbon monoxide and inert gas in the inspired gas and in the exhaled gas, it is possible to calculate according to Equation.

By depriving the brain of oxygen, high levels of carbon monoxide can lead to nausea, unconsciousness and death.

By weight, it is 6. 67 % carbon and 93. 3 % iron.

By inspection of these structures, it is seen that the positive charge of the mercury atom will sometimes reside on the more substituted carbon ( approximately 4 % of the time ).

By starting with a dense wood-like material, such as nutshells or peach stones, one obtains a form of charcoal with particularly fine pores ( and hence a much larger pore surface area ), called activated carbon, which is used as an adsorbent for a wide range of chemical substances.

20 years ago in " Clés pour la géologie ", he wrote " By burning fossil fuels, man increased the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which, for example, has raised the global mean temperature by half a degree in the last century ".