By resigning Laws became the shortest serving Minister in modern British political history with less than 18 days service as a Cabinet Minister.

By the mid-1960s, parts of Cambodia's eastern provinces were serving as bases for North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong ( NVA / VC ) forces operating against South Vietnam, and the port of Sihanoukville was being used to supply them.

By statute, the Commandant is appointed as a four-star general while serving in office.

By 1695 he was back in England, now formally using the name " Defoe ", and serving as a " commissioner of the glass duty ", responsible for collecting taxes on bottles.

By extension, the word for carrying or drawing a beer came to mean the serving of the beer and, in some senses, the act of drinking, or a drink of beer itself, regardless of serving method.

By the time Bramah's beer pumps became popular, the use of the word draught to mean the act of serving beer was well established and transferred easily to beer served via the hand pumps.

By convention, the longest serving state governor holds a dormant commission, allowing an assumption of office to commence whenever a vacancy occurs.

By 2005, GSM networks accounted for more than 75 % of the worldwide cellular network market, serving 1. 5 billion subscribers.

By 1980, a number of national computer facilities ( ULCC London, UMRCC Manchester, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory serving the Science and Engineering Research Council community ), each with their own star network had developed.

By April 1938, Ribbentrop had ended all German arms shipments to China and had all of the German Army officers serving with the Kuomintang government of Chiang Kai-shek recalled ( with the threat that the families of the officers in China would be sent to concentration camps if the officers did not return to Germany immediately ).

By December 15, 2010 it broke the record for longest serving spacecraft at Mars, with 3, 340 days of operation, claiming the title from NASA's Mars Global Surveyor.

By 1950 there would be 50, 000 motels serving half of the 22 million US vacationers ; by 1951 motels would surpass hotels in consumer demand.

By emphasizing Roderigo's failed bid for Desdemona, and his own dissatisfaction with serving under Othello, Iago convinces Roderigo to wake Brabantio, Desdemona's father, and tell him about his daughter's elopement.

By convention the serving Prime Minister is given first opportunity to reach agreements that will allow them to survive a vote of confidence in the House and continue to govern.

By the end of the year, however, Madrid was recovered by an army led by King Philip V and the Duke of Berwick ( the illegitimate son of James II of England, serving in the French army ).

By 1884, Pearl Street Station was serving 508 customers with 10, 164 lamps.

By 1900, restaurants serving Chinese cuisine from Canton and Shanghai offered a simple ramen dish of noodles ( cut rather than hand pulled ), a few toppings, and a broth flavored with salt and pork bones.

By 1860, Denver City, Golden City, and Boulder City were substantial towns serving the mines.

By the late 1780s, trade relations had opened with the Tlingits, and in 1799 the Russian-American Company ( RAC ) was formed in order to monopolize the fur trade, also serving as an imperialist vehicle for the Russification of Alaska Natives.

By the 1950s there were 50 synagogues in Newark serving a Jewish population of 70, 000 to 80, 000, once the sixth-largest Jewish community in the United States.

By 1916, Edward H. Bennett, co-author of the Plan of Chicago, wrote that a lakefront location would be most suitable for an airport serving the central business district.

By chance he was in a summer camp in 1939 on the outbreak of the Second World War and was granted a regular, not wartime, commission in the British Army, in the Scots Guards, later serving in the 6th Guards Tank Brigade, a separate unit from the Guards Armoured Division.

By 1995 there were 250 LETSystems in Australia, with Western Australia having 43 separate systems serving a population of 2. 3 million ( although actual participation is by only a tiny fraction of that population ) making it then the region with the highest LETS coverage in the world.

By making these loans, the Fed serves as a buffer against unexpected day-to-day fluctuations in reserve demand and supply.

By the 18th century, Cossack hosts in the Russian Empire served as buffer zones on her borders.

By this point the FI was united around the view that the Eastern European " buffer states " were still capitalist countries.

By the time they reached Nova Scotia, they were barely on speaking terms, and it was arranged for Fox's brother Darrell, then 17, to join them as a buffer.

By 1999 – 2002 several plant species emerged in these buffer zones.

By annexing Poland and the Baltic States, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union eliminated the buffer states between them and magnified the threat of war

By 63 BC / BCE, the partially Hellenized territory had come under Roman imperial rule as a valued crossroads to trading territories and buffer state against the Parthian Empire.

It also functions as a buffer — depending on when the final programme before closedown finishes, Sailing By ( or part of it ) is played as a ' filler ' as the shipping forecast starts at 00: 48hrs precisely.

By contrast, the National Union Party was united and energized as Lincoln made emancipation the central issue, and state Republican parties stressed the perfidy of the Copperheads.

By the 1920s, each state in the United States had passed public laws that stipulated a certain day to be Arbor Day or Arbor and Bird Day observance.

By focusing consciously on an idea, feeling or intention the meditant seeks to arrive at pure thinking, a state exemplified by but not confined to pure mathematics.

By tradition, when the Justices are in conference deliberating the outcome of cases before the Court, the justices state their views in order of seniority.

By default, the system state will be in either of the minima states, because that corresponds to the state of lowest energy.

By 1991 the country was completely transformed into a modern industrialized state.

By the time Confucius was 50 years old, the Ji family had consolidated their power in the Lu state over the ruling ducal house.

By March 1811 the province of Bogotá had transformed itself into a state called Cundinamarca.

By creating these typologies it is possible to distinguish between different cultural styles, the purpose of the ceramic and technological state of the people among other conclusions.

By controlling the point and time of infection, bodies could be conditioned to optimal state before contracting smallpox, therefore providing a better opportunity to fight and achieve immunity.

By 2011, nearly six of ten full-time undergraduates qualified for a tuition-free education at CUNY due in large measure to state, federal and CUNY financial aid programs.

By encouraging clarity on the active subject that " does " or wants or believes something, and disallowing passive constructions about the state of affairs ( a common use of " to be "), E-Prime makes it more difficult to hide assumptions in statements about The Other or equivalent constructions such as " they " or " most people " or " the public " or " the taxpayer ".

By 1943, after Italy faced multiple military failures, complete reliance and subordination of Italy to Germany, and Allied invasion of Italy, and corresponding international humiliation, Mussolini was removed as head of government and arrested by the order of King Victor Emmanuel III who proceeded to dismantle the Fascist state and declared Italy's switching of allegiance to the Allied side.

By 1990, Chile had fulfilled Hayek's prediction by transitioning to a democratic state as established in the 1980 Constitution of Chile approved during the Pinochet regime.

By combining Coulomb's theory with Christian Otto Mohr's 2D stress state, the theory became known as Mohr-Coulomb theory.

By this time the puzzle seems to have mutated to a form in which the missing word is an adjective that describes the state of the world.

By contrast, East Germany renounced ties to the Nazi past, styling itself the " anti-fascist rampart " and proclaiming itself the first socialist state on German soil.

By accommodating the conquered people's gods, religion became more polytheistic and government became somewhat more secular ; the title of lugal, big man, appears alongside the earlier religious titles, although his primary duty is still the worship of the state gods.

By the 1860s, the Russian Empire – continued as the Soviet Union – became the largest contiguous state in the world, and the latter's main successor, Russia, continues to be so to this day.

By the 20th century, earlier mechanical calculators, cash registers, accounting machines, and so on were redesigned to use electric motors, with gear position as the representation for the state of a variable.

By the late 1980s Solidarity, a Polish reform movement, became crucial in causing a peaceful transition from a communist state to the capitalist system and parliamentary democracy.

By the early monarchy El and Yahweh had become unified and Asherah did not continue as a separate state cult, although she continued to be popular at a community level until Persian times.

By a minimization of free energy argument, the relation that predicted the smaller new contact angle is the state most likely to exist.