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Page "Fourier transform spectroscopy" ¶ 4
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By and varying
By varying the formula, this curve may be moved forward or backward along the coordinates to produce any desired compression strength / density ratio.
By varying the proportions of copper and zinc, the properties of the brass can be changed, allowing hard and soft brasses.
By varying ability scores, the same system is used for a human hero as a trollish villain.
By varying the air pressure, a flute player can also change the pitch of a note by causing the air in the flute to resonate at a harmonic other than the fundamental frequency without opening or closing any holes.
By varying the snap count, a quarterback forces the defensive players to react to the movement of the offensive players, or risk being called for an offsides or encroachment penalty.
By varying the number of particles added for heterogeneous nucleation and the rate of cooling in a hot-dip process, the spangle can be adjusted from an apparently uniform surface ( crystallites too small to see with the naked eye ) to grains several centimetres wide.
By controlling the voltage applied across the liquid crystal layer in each pixel, light can be allowed to pass through in varying amounts thus constituting different levels of gray.
By varying the parameter r, the following behavior is observed:
By varying the ratio of graphite to clay, the hardness of the graphite rod could also be varied.
By integrating varying delivery streams, hybrids enable pay-TV operators more flexible application deployment, which decreases the cost of launching new services, increases speed to market, and limits disruption for consumers.
By varying the magnetic sail's field strength over the course of its orbit, a magnetic sail can give itself a " perigee kick " raising the altitude of its orbit's apogee.
By adding frame numbers to the frame sync, it is possible to extend the length of the random sequence, by varying the random sequence in accordance with the frame number.
By varying the gun ’ s angle of elevation with respect to the target vacuum chamber, impact angles from 0 ° to 90 ° relative to the gravitational vector are possible.
By extension, the term ' waveform ' also describes the shape of the graph of any varying quantity against time.
By 1835 all six daughters had died of varying causes, two when very young, two as children, the other two as young women: from whooping cough, yellow fever, and complications of childbirth.
By varying the extent and path of motion, a variety of effects can be obtained, with variable depth of field and different degrees of blurring of " out of plane " structures.
By varying the proportions of the juices, every shade from pink to black can be obtained.
By varying the amount of cream returned, producers can make a variety of low-fat milks to suit their local market.
By varying the pulse rate per LED, the display can approximate levels of brightness.
By varying the-Si-O-chain lengths, side groups, and crosslinking, silicones can be synthesized with a wide variety of properties and compositions.
By varying the angle of incidence and take-off on the crystal, a single X-ray wavelength can be selected.
By layering the highest quality crystals of varying compositions, it enabled the demonstration of the highest quality heterojunction semiconductor laser materials for many years.
By repeatedly sampling the randomly varying signal, a series of random numbers is obtained.
By varying the degree of smoothing, mid-tones between black and white can be created, hence the name mezzo-tinto which is Italian for " half-tone " or " half-painted ".

By and wavelength
By comparison, electron microscopes are limited by the de Broglie wavelength of the electron.
By controlling the cross-sectional profile of the grooves, it is possible to concentrate most of the diffracted energy in a particular order for a given wavelength.
By removing the concentration dependence, the extinction coefficient ( ε ) can be determined as a function of wavelength.
By measuring the height and wavelength of ocean waves, the altimeters measure wind speeds and direction, and surface ocean currents and directions.
By shining through the plasma a laser with a wavelength, tuned to a certain transition of one of the species present in the plasma, the absorption profile of that transition could be obtained.
By measuring amplitude to a quarter wavelength, it is possible to improve the resolution down to about 8 mm.
By rotating the prism ( in the plane of the diagram ) around any point O on the face AB, the wavelength which is deviated by 60 ° can be selected.
By observing the wavelength of the emitted light, the atom's identity can be determined.
By Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation for a given wavelength, whatever portion of the radiation incident on a surface, from either side, that does not pass through the surface as emission to the other side, is reflected.
By 1922, the station was in competition with many other stations in the area, all sharing a single wavelength of 360 meters ( at roughly 833 kHz ).
By using large areal arrays tuned to the wavelength of the ground-roll the dominant noise signals can be attenuated and the weaker data signals reinforced.
By controlling the thickness and number of the layers, the frequency ( wavelength ) of the passband of the filter can be tuned and made as wide or narrow as desired.
By using a larger array and a cross disperser, iShell will have much larger wavelength coverage per setting than CSHELL.
By using alternating layers of a low-index material like silica and a higher-index material it is possible to obtain reflectivities as low as 0. 1 % at a single wavelength.
By some definitions WDM-PON is a dedicated wavelength for each ONU.
By hitting the field with a precise wavelength of energy, a rift opens between both dimensions connected by the Distortion Area.
By increasing the ratio of In further compared to Ga it is possible to extend the cut-off wavelength up to about 2. 6 µm.
By applying intense tunable IR lasers, like IR-OPOs or IR free electron lasers, the wavelength dependence of the IRMPD yield can be studied.
By comparing the absorbance of the sample solution at a specific wavelength to a series of standard solutions at differing known concentrations of the analyte species, the concentration of the sample solution can be found via Beer's Law.
By considering the perpendicular distance from the hole in a barrier screen to a nearby detection screen along with the wavelength of the incident light, it is possible to compute a number of regions called half-period elements or Fresnel zones.

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