Caliph Al-Walid I's reign is considered as the apex of Islamic power, though Islamic power in Spain specifically climaxed in the 10th century under Abd-ar-Rahman III.

The rulers of Al-Andalus were granted the rank of Emir by the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I in Damascus.

After the establishment of a local Emirate, Caliph Al-Walid I, ruler of the Umayyad caliphate, removed many of the successful Muslim commanders.

Caliph Al-Walid I died in 715 and was succeeded by his brother Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik.

* Al-Walid ibn Abd Al-Malik, Caliph of Islamic Empire

The tomb of Prophet Muhammad later became part of the mosque when it was expanded by the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I.

In 711, Tariq ibn Ziyad, under the orders of the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I, led a large army from the north coast of Morocco on April 29 711.

As a political domain, it successively constituted a province of the Umayyad Caliphate, initiated by the Caliph Al-Walid I ( 711 – 750 ); the Emirate of Córdoba ( c. 750 – 929 ); the Caliphate of Córdoba ( 929 – 1031 ); and the Caliphate of Córdoba's taifa ( successor ) kingdoms.

In 707, Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik ( 705-715 ) replaced the old structure and built a larger one in its place, incorporating the tomb of Muhammad.

Muhammad bin Qasim had begun preparations for further expansions when Hajjaj died, as did Caliph Al-Walid I, who was succeeded by Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik, who then took revenge against all who had been close to Hajjaj.

After his conversion, he is said to have traveled to Damascus to personally swear allegiance to the Umayyad Caliph, Al-Walid I.

Accession of Al-Walid I as Umayyad Caliph.

Al-Walid II becomes Umayyad Caliph.

It never recovered as a port, but Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik, Ummayad Caliph from 705-715, built a fortress in the city.

Ummayad Caliph Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik is often credited with building the first bimaristan in Damascus in 707 AD.

Maslamah was the son of the Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan and half-brother of the caliphs Al-Walid I, Sulayman, Yazid II and Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.

After the peace treaty with Ali's son, Hassan ibn Ali, and the suppression of the revolt of the Kharijites, Muawiyah I proclaimed himself Caliph in 661 and began consolidating power.

* 645 – Yazid I, Arabian Caliph ( d. 683 )

* 680 – Battle of Karbala: Hussain bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated by forces under Caliph Yazid I.

However, the death of the Caliph al-Walid I in 715 gave Anastasius an opportunity to turn the tables on the enemy.

He is succeeded by Hasan ibn Ali but abdicated the Caliph to Muawiyah I.

* Caliph Ali ibn Abi Talib is assassinated ; with his assassination the Rashidun Caliphate ends and Muawiyah I founds the Umayyad caliphate.

* Umayyad Caliph al-Walid I begins the Great Mosque of Damascus.

* Umayyad Caliph al-Walid I is succeeded by Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik.

* Selim I, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, conquers Egypt and declares himself Caliph.

The Caliph of Tunis, Muhammad I al-Mustansir had been a vassal of Sicily, but had shaken off his allegiance with the fall of Manfred.

** Al-Hakim I, Caliph of Cairo

* July 29 – Yusuf I, Almohad Caliph

The Umayyad dynasty was expelled, driven back to Al-Andalus where Abd ar-Rahman I established an emirate in Córdoba in opposition to the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad.

During World War I, the Afghan government was contacted by the Ottoman Turkey and Germany, through the Niedermayer-Hentig Mission, to join the Central Allies on behalf of the Caliph in a Jihad ; some revolutionaries and Afghan leaders including a brother of the Amir named Nasrullah Khan were in favour of the delegation and wanted the Amir to declare Jihad.

In 715 the Umayyads led by the Caliph al-Walid I, rebuilt the Temple's nearby Chanuyot into a mosque ( see illustrations and detailed drawing ) which they named al-Masjid al-Aqsa المسجد الأقصى, the al-Aqsa Mosque or in translation " the furthest mosque ", corresponding to the Islamic belief of Muhammad's miraculous nocturnal journey as recounted in the Qur ' an and hadith.

Abbas Ibn Firnas ( d. 887 ) is thought to have produced another instrument with rings ( armillary sphere ) in 9th century which he gifted to Caliph Muhammad I ( ruled 852-886 ).

Muawiyah I ( ; 602 – 6 May 680 ) was the first Caliph of the Umayyad Dynasty.

In addition to such secular titles, the Ottoman sultan became the Caliph of Islam bearing the title Khalifeh ül-Rasul Rub al-A ’ alimin ( i. e. Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe ), starting with Selim I, who became Caliph in 1517 after Al-Mutawakkil III, the last of the Abbasid Caliphs in Cairo, formally surrendered the caliphal titles and regalia ( the sword, mantle and other relics of Muhammad ) to Selim in Constantinople the same year.

" In 1009, during the reign of the sixth Fatimid Caliph, al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, the Church of the Nativity was ordered to be demolished, but was spared by local Muslims, because they had been permitted to worship in the structure's southern transept.

Muslim historians say that Caliph Uthman ibn Affan ( the third khalifa ( caliph ) of the Rashidun Empire, or third successor of Muhammad, who had formerly been Muhammad's secretary ), is generally believed to urge Muslims to record the hadith just as Muhammad suggested to some of his followers to write down his words and actions.

After this battle, when the Caliph barely escaped with his guard and the rest of the army was destroyed, King Ramiro obtained 12 years of peace, but had to give González the independence of Castile as a payment for his help in the battle.

Ingres ' pupil Théodore Chassériau ( 1819 – 1856 ) had already achieved success with his nude The Toilette of Esther ( 1841, Louvre ) and equestrian portrait of Ali-Ben-Hamet, Caliph of Constantine and Chief of the Haractas, Followed by his Escort ( 1846 ) before he first visited the East, but in later decades the steamship made travel much easier and increasing numbers of artists traveled to the Middle East and beyond, painting a wide range of Oriental scenes.

Then, in Iraq in the ninth or tenth century, this original core had Arab stories added to it – among them some tales about the Caliph Harun al-Rashid.

Their scepticism and extortion had tired their subjects, and the Abbassid Caliph ( resident in Baghdad ) as well as the faqihs ( Islamic jurists ) gave Yusuf a fatwa authorizing him to remove them due to their disloyalty to Islam by aiding and assisting the Christians against one another.

Upon the capture of Jerusalem by the victorious Caliph Omar, Omar immediately headed to the Temple Mount with his advisor, Ka ' ab al-Ahbar, a formerly Jewish rabbi who had converted to Islam, in order to find the holy site of the " Furthest Mosque " or Al Masjid al Aqsa which was mentioned in the Quran and specified in the Hadiths of being in Jerusalem. Ka ' ab al-Ahbar suggested to Caliph Omar to build the Dome of the Rock monument on the site that Ka ' ab believed to be the Biblical Holy of the Holies, arguing that this site is where Mohammad ascended to heaven during the Isra and Mi ' raj miracle.

And in 838, in order to impress the Caliph of Baghdad, Theophilus had John the Grammarian distribute 36, 000 nomismata to the citizens of Baghdad.

Uthman obtained the complete manuscript of the Qur ' an from Hafsah, one of the wives of the Islamic prophet Muhammad who had been entrusted to keep the manuscript ever since the Qur ' an was comprehensively compiled by the first Caliph, Abu Bakr.

For example, in 1009 the Church of the Holy Sepulchre had been destroyed by the Fatimid Caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah ; Pope Sergius IV supposedly called for a military expedition in response, and in France, many Jewish communities were even attacked in a misdirected retaliation.

Berke was a devoted Muslim who had had a close relationship with the Abbasid Caliph Al-Musta ' sim, who had been killed by Hulegu in 1258.

According to legend, the Caliph had his tent surrounded with a bodyguard of slave-warriors who were chained together as a defense.

The Caliph Muhammad al-Nasir himself died in Marrakech shortly after the battle, where he had fled after the defeat.

In 827, Caliph Al-Ma ' mun had a silver and golden tree in his palace in Baghdad, which had the features of an automatic machine.

The Abbasid Caliph Al-Muqtadir also had a golden tree in his palace in Baghdad in 915, with birds on it flapping their wings and singing.

He showed this verse to the Caliph and persuaded him to challenge the Pope to order the Muqattam Mountain, east of Cairo, to move if he had as little faith as the small mustard seed.

Beside them were the Caliph and his minister who had already incited many people against the Copts.

The Pope also decreed that the three-day grace period which he had requested from the Caliph, and which he and the bishops and priests spent in prayer and fasting, be a regular period of fasting to be observed by all Copts every year.