Chinese civilization originated in various regional centers along both the Yellow River and the Yangtze River valleys in the Neolithic era, but the Yellow River is said to be the cradle of Chinese civilization.

It was a golden age of Chinese civilization with significant developments in art, literature, particularly poetry, and technology.

years was a period in which Chinese and Western civilization were in the

There were at least two presumably independent sources of positional decimal systems in ancient civilization: the Chinese counting rod system and the Hindu-Arabic numeral system ( the latter descended from Brahmi numerals ).

The first written records of a civilization in the area occupied by Kyrgyzstan appear in Chinese chronicles beginning about 2000 B. C.

Yet, if the purpose of Polo's tales was to impress others with tales of his high esteem and fond regard in an advanced civilization, then it is possible that Polo shrewdly would omit those details that would cause his listeners to scoff at the Chinese with a sense of European superiority.

Mica was known to ancient Indian, Egyptian, Greek and Roman and Chinese civilizations, as well as the Aztec civilization of the New World.

In Song Dynasty China and the classical Islamic world, this century marked the high point for both classical Chinese civilization, science and technology, and classical Islamic science, philosophy, technology and literature.

The Tang Dynasty, with its capital at Chang ' an ( present-day Xi ' an ), which at the time was the most populous city in the world, is generally regarded as a high point in Chinese civilization — equal to, or surpassing that of, the earlier Han Dynasty — a golden age of cosmopolitan culture.

The inscriptions on the oracle bones are divinations, and they provide critical insight into many topics from the politics, economy, and religious practices to the art and medicine of this early stage of Chinese civilization.

Through the 1960s and 1970s, archaeologists have uncovered urban sites, bronze implements, and tombs in the same locations cited in ancient Chinese historical texts regarding Xia ; at a minimum, the Xia Dynasty marked an evolutionary stage between the late neolithic cultures and the typical Chinese urban civilization of the Shang Dynasty.

** Japan, considered a hybrid of Chinese civilization and older Altaic patterns.

The Yellow River is called " the cradle of Chinese civilization " as its basinspecifically, the Wei valley that cuts across the long Ordos loopwas the birthplace of ancient Chinese civilizations and the most prosperous region in early Chinese history.

One definition refers to the original area of Chinese civilization, the North China Plain ; another to the " Eighteen Provinces " system of the Ming Dynasty.

Although the Song Dynasty had lost control of the traditional birthplace of Chinese civilization along the Yellow River, the Song economy was not in ruins, as the Southern Song Empire contained 60 percent of China's population and a majority of the most productive agricultural land.

Although the technology of printing text using movable type was invented in China, and despite the esteem which calligraphy held in that civilization, the vast number of Chinese characters meant that few distinctive, complete fonts could be afforded by Chinese printers.

Chu was nominally a tributary state of the Zhou Dynasty, and it was itself an extension of the Chinese civilization that had emerged some centuries before in the north ; but it was also culturally unique, and was a powerful state that held onto much of the middle and lower Yangtze River, with power extending northwards into the North China Plain.

Zhuyin developed out of a form of Chinese shorthand based on Chinese characters in the early 1900s and has elements of both an alphabet and a syllabary.

Even though this period-known in its earlier part as the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period-in its latter part was fraught with chaos and bloody battles, it is also known as the Golden Age of Chinese philosophy because a broad range of thoughts and ideas were developed and discussed freely.

They developed American Chinese cuisine when they modified their food to suit a more American palate.

In the process, cooks adapted southern Chinese dishes such as chop suey, and developed a style of Chinese food not found in China.

Many cultures have attached importance to astronomical events, and the Indians, Chinese, and Mayans developed elaborate systems for predicting terrestrial events from celestial observations.

However, breathy-voiced and aspirated stops are acoustically similar in that in both cases there is an audible period of breathiness following the stop, and in the history of various languages ( e. g. Ancient Greek, Mandarin Chinese ), breathy-voiced stops have subsequently developed into voiceless aspirated stops.

Much of Chinese culture, literature and philosophy further developed during the Zhou Dynasty ( 1045 – 256 BC ).

Successive dynasties in Chinese history developed bureaucratic systems that enabled the Emperor of China to directly control vast territories.

Confucianism is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius ( 孔夫子 Kǒng Fūzǐ, or K ' ung-fu-tzu, lit.

Since Chinese traditional thought focuses more on ethics rather than metaphysics, it has developed several schools distinct from the originating Indian schools.

Notably, Chinese philosophy never developed the concept of rights, let alone human rights, so that classical Chinese lacked words for them.

An early experimental Chinese keyboard with many keys was developed by researchers of National Chiao Tung University in Taiwan, but it never came to the mainstream.

Sogou Pinyin is a popular Chinese Pinyin input method editor developed by Sogou, a Chinese search engine.

Traditional Chinese medicine ( TCM ) (: " Chinese medicine ") is a broad range of medicine practices sharing common theoretical concepts which have been developed in China and are based on a tradition of more than 2, 000 years, including various forms of herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage ( Tui na ), exercise ( qigong ), and dietary therapy.

Independently, the Chinese developed their own advanced water clocks （ 水鐘 ） in 725 A. D., passing their ideas on to Korea and Japan.

During this so-called Republican Era, many features of a modern, functional Chinese state emerged and developed.

He is considered " the architect " of a new brand of socialist thinking, having developed Socialism with Chinese characteristics and led Chinese economic reform through a synthesis of theories that became known as the " socialist market economy ".

The game of Chinese dominoes later developed into the modern game of dominoes, first appearing in Italy during the 18th century, the origin of its Western name.

And, after becoming the right-hand man of Enver Pasha, he is sent by the latter to pave the way for a new Turkish Empire embracing `` the union of all Turks throughout Central Asia from Adrianople to the Chinese oases on the Silk Trade Route ''.

Bursting from the lips of a charging cavalry trooper was the last sound heard on this earth by untold numbers of Cheyennes, Sioux and Apaches, Mexican banditos under Pancho Villa, Japanese in the South Pacific, and Chinese and North Korean Communists in Korea.

however the President, who would like to woo the former Chinese province away from both Peking and Moscow, would promise Chen nothing more than an abstention by the U.S. if Outer Mongolia's admission comes to a vote.

Thus, while it remains possible that the Babylonians and/or the Pythagoreans may perhaps have had the magic square of three before the Chinese did, more definite evidence will have to turn up from the Middle East or the Classical World before China can lose her claim to the earliest known magic square by more than a thousand years.

But the `` marvelous person '' that is supposed to result from Zen exhibits more Chinese practicality than Indian speculation -- he possesses magical powers, and can use them to order nature and to redeem souls.

They range in size from the Chinese giant salamander ( Andrias davidianus ), which can grow to a length of, to the diminutive Thorius pennatulus from Mexico which seldom exceeds.

A number of fossil cryptobranchids have been found but there are only three living species, the Chinese giant salamander ( Andrias davidianus ), the Japanese giant salamander ( Andrias japonicus ) and the hellbender ( Cryptobranchus alleganiensis ) from North America.

The zero was probably introduced to the Chinese in the Tang Dynasty ( 618-907 AD ) when travel in the Indian Ocean and the Middle East would have provided direct contact with India, allowing them to acquire the concept of zero and the decimal point from Indian merchants and mathematicians.

The Chinese abacus migrated from China to Korea around 1400 AD.

Two binary abaci constructed by Dr. Robert C. Good, Jr., made from two Chinese abaci

In Chinese astronomy, the stream of water flowing from the Water Jar was depicted as the " Army of Yu-Lin " ( Yu-lin-kiun ).

Mahayana Buddhism was far more successful in China than its rival Hinayana, and both Indian schools and local Chinese sects arose from the 5th century.

Chinese měiguórén for example, is derived from a word for the United States, měiguó, where měi is an abbreviation for Yàměilìjiā " America " and guó is " country ".

This type of cooking typically caters to American styles and differs significantly from traditional Chinese cuisine.

In the 19th century, Chinese in San Francisco operated sophisticated and sometimes luxurious restaurants patronized mainly by Chinese, while restaurants in smaller towns served what their customers requested, ranging from pork chop sandwiches and apple pie to beans and eggs.

Restaurants ( along with Chinese laundries ) provided an ethnic niche for small businesses at a time when the Chinese people were excluded from most jobs in the wage economy by ethnic discrimination or lack of language fluency.

Even more divergent are American stir-fry dishes inspired by Chinese food, that may contain brown rice instead of white, or those with grated cheese ; milk products are almost always absent from traditional Chinese food.

Ayurveda, Chinese medicine, Homeopathy and Naturopathy are cited as examples The term appears to have entered into usage through the National Institute of Health's National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine ( NCCAM ), which began to employ it as a substitute for alternative medical systems as a way of differentiating widely comprehensive systems of medicine, such as Ayurvedic medicine, from specialized alternative approaches.

Chinese astronomers were able to view what is modern Antlia from their latitudes, and incorporated its stars into two different constellations.

Since 1998, Harvard University wraps some of the valuable statues on its campus, such as this " Harvard Bixi | Chinese stele ", with waterproof covers every winter, in order to protect them from erosion caused by acid rain.