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Chinese religion was originally oriented to worshipping the supreme god Shang Di during the Xia and Shang dynasties, with the king and diviners acting as priests and using oracle bones.
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Chinese and religion
Although Confucius the man may have been a believer in Chinese folk religion, Confucianism as an ideology is humanistic and non-theistic, and does not involve a belief in the supernatural or in a personal god.
" Attributes that are seen as religious — such as ancestor worship, ritual, and sacrifice — were advocated by Confucius as necessary for social harmony ; however, these attributes can be traced to the traditional non-Confucian Chinese beliefs of Chinese folk religion, and are also practiced by Daoists and Chinese Buddhists.
* Chinese folk religion
During this period, archaeological evidence points to an increase in literacy and a partial shift away from the faith placed in Shangdi ( the Supreme Being in traditional Chinese religion ), with ancestor worship becoming commonplace and a more worldly orientation coming to the fore.
* Questions about the nature and existence of a monotheistic deity, which have profoundly influenced Western philosophy, have not been important in Chinese philosophies or a source of great conflict in Chinese traditional religion.
Although Confucianism is often followed in a religious manner by the Chinese, arguments continue over whether it is a religion.
All of these Chinese castes belonged to the same race, same religion and same culture prevalent in their community.
The opposition and combination of the universe's two basic principles of yin and yang is a large part of Chinese philosophy, and is an important feature of Taoism, both as a philosophy and as a religion.
* Elementals such as the dragons of traditional Chinese religion and sylphs and salamanders from Alchemical traditions
Many faiths around the world — from Japanese Shinto and Chinese traditional religion, to certain African practices and the faiths derived from those in the Caribbean, to Native American beliefs — hold that ancestral or household spirits offer daily protection and blessings.
In English, the words Daoism and Taoism ( or ) are the subject of an ongoing controversy over the preferred romanization for naming this native Chinese philosophy and Chinese religion.
Some scholars consciously adopt " Daoism " in order to distinguish the Chinese philosophy and religion from what " Taoism " embodied in the 19th-and 20th-century Western imaginations.
He supplied weapons to the Uyghur Ili army and Red Army support against Chinese forces, and helped them establish the Second East Turkestan Republic of which Islam was the official state religion.
The evacuation of the cities disproportionately affected Chinese and Vietnamese, who were unused to agricultural work, segregated from Khmers in labor camps, and forbidden to speak their own language or practice non-Khmer religion.
It is written with the kanji "", Sino-Japanese reading shin or jin ; in Chinese, the character is used to refer to various nature spirits of traditional Chinese religion, but not to the Taoist deities or the Supreme Being.
Campaigning wrapped up March 7, 2008 for general elections that could see gains for Malaysia's opposition amid anger over race and religion among minority Chinese and Indians.
He focused on the issues of Chinese urban development, Chinese patrimonialism and officialdom and Chinese religion and philosophy ( primarily, Confucianism and Taoism ), as the areas in which Chinese development differed most distinctively from the European route.
Chinese and was
And one cannot but wonder whether Marshal Malinovsky, who was blowing hot and cold, exalting peace but also almost openly considering the possibility of preventive war against the West, wasn't trying to keep the Chinese quiet.
The ledger was full of most precise information: date of laying, length of incubation period, number of chick reaching the first week, second week, fifth week, weight of hen, size of rooster's wattles and so on, all scrawled out in a hand that looked more Chinese than English, the most jagged and sprawling Alex had ever seen.
Bursting from the lips of a charging cavalry trooper was the last sound heard on this earth by untold numbers of Cheyennes, Sioux and Apaches, Mexican banditos under Pancho Villa, Japanese in the South Pacific, and Chinese and North Korean Communists in Korea.
The concept of the Middle Kingdom at peace, strong and united under a forceful ruler, which had been only a longed-for ideal in the time of the Warring States, was finally realized by the establishment of a Chinese Empire under the Ch'in dynasty ( 221-207 B.C. ).
Although modern scholars have expressed surprise that `` the simple magic square of three '', a mere `` mathematical puzzle '', was able to exert a considerable influence on the minds and imaginations of the cultured Chinese for so many centuries, they could have found most of the answers right within the square itself.
Such an analysis speedily reveals why the middle number of the Lo Shu, 5, was so vitally significant for the Chinese ever since the earliest hints that they had a knowledge of this diagram.
Although the primary mathematical properties of the middle number at the center of the Lo Shu, and the interrelation of all the other numbers to it, might seem enough to account for the deep fascination which the Lo Shu held for the Old Chinese philosophers, this was actually only a beginning of wonders.
The Chinese world view during the Han dynasty, when the Lo Shu seems to have been at the height of its popularity, was based in large part on the teachings of the Yin-Yang and Five-Elements School, which was traditionally founded by Tsou Yen.
but in this respect it was merely following the accepted Chinese convention for all maps.
In its monastic form, Mahayana was merely an organization of magic-practicing monks ( bonzes ), who catered to the Chinese faith in the supernatural.
But in the Chinese mind, there was little difference between the two -- the bonzes were no more metaphysical than a magician has to be.
Early Chinese anchoritism was theoretically aimed at a mystic pantheist union with the divine, personal salvation being achieved when the mystical recluse united with divine essence.
In the popular Chinese mind, Ch'an ( Zen ) was no exception to the ideas of coarse magic that dominated.
The zero was probably introduced to the Chinese in the Tang Dynasty ( 618-907 AD ) when travel in the Indian Ocean and the Middle East would have provided direct contact with India, allowing them to acquire the concept of zero and the decimal point from Indian merchants and mathematicians.
); its design was planned by the government of the day ; and it places individual letters in syllable clusters with equal dimensions, in the same way as Chinese characters, to allow for mixed-script writing ( one syllable always takes up one type-space no matter how many letters get stacked into building that one sound-block ).
In Chinese astronomy, the stream of water flowing from the Water Jar was depicted as the " Army of Yu-Lin " ( Yu-lin-kiun ).
Even though this period-known in its earlier part as the Spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period-in its latter part was fraught with chaos and bloody battles, it is also known as the Golden Age of Chinese philosophy because a broad range of thoughts and ideas were developed and discussed freely.
The Agrarians believed that Chinese society should be modeled around that of the early sage king Shen Nong, a folk hero which was portrayed in Chinese literature as " working in the fields, along with everyone else, and consulting with everyone else when any decision had to be reached.
The main question of this school was whether Being came before Not-Being ( in Chinese, ming and wuming ).
Mahayana Buddhism was far more successful in China than its rival Hinayana, and both Indian schools and local Chinese sects arose from the 5th century.
The Chinese School of Agrarianism was a philosophy that advocated peasant utopian communalism and egalitarianism.
It was also widely used by the Chinese for its healing chemicals, curing illnesses such as infections, rashes, and migraines.
First catering to miners and railroad workers, they established eateries in towns where Chinese food was completely unknown.
Chinese and originally
The Chinese, who make up 29 % of the population of Sarawak and 17 % of total population in West Kalimantan, originally migrated from southeastern China.
To cater to this type of customer, as well as full-time vegetarians, the menu of a Buddhist vegetarian restaurant usually shows no difference from a typical Chinese or far-Eastern restaurant, except that in recipes originally made to contain meat, a chicken flavoured soy or wheat gluten might be served instead.
Although the Chinese Room argument was originally presented in reaction to the statements of AI researchers, philosophers have come to view it as an important part of the philosophy of mind.
Chinese women playing flutes, from the 12th-century Song Dynasty remake of the Night Revels of Han Xizai, originally by Gu Hongzhong ( 10th century )
Kaeng phet pet yang ( Thai roast duck curry ) is an example of early fusion cuisine of the Multiculturalism | cosmopolitan court of the Ayutthaya Kingdom ( 1350 CE to 1767 CE ) combining Thai cuisine | Thai red curry, Chinese roast duck and grapes originally from Persia
Feng shui, originally a Chinese method of moving houses according to such factors as rain and micro-climates, has recently expanded its scope to address the design of interior spaces with a view to promoting harmonious effects on the people living inside the house.
The English word " mandarin " ( from Portuguese mandarim, from Malay menteri, from Hindi mantri, from Sanskrit mantrin, meaning " minister or counsellor "), originally meant an official of the Chinese empire.
The Chinese term ( xǐ năo, literally " wash brain ") was originally used to describe methodologies of coercive persuasion used under the Maoist regime in China, which aimed to transform individuals with a reactionary imperialist mindset into " right-thinking " members of the new Chinese social system.
The word pidgin, formerly also spelled pigion, originally used to describe Chinese Pidgin English, was later generalized to refer to any pidgin.
For some reason, early writers of Chinese found it desirable to substitute for 气 a cognate character that originally meant to feed other people in a social context such as providing food for guests.
Manchuria was originally separated from China proper by the Inner Willow Palisade, a ditch and embankment planted with willows intended to restrict the movement of the Han Chinese into Manchuria, as the area was off-limits to the Han Chinese until the Qing government started colonizing the area with them later on in the dynasty's rule, especially since the 1860s.
Each storey finishes with a projecting roof, after the Chinese manner, originally covered with ceramic tiles and adorned with large dragons ; a story is still propagated that they were made of gold and were reputedly sold by George IV to settle his debts.
In Chinese mythology ( cosmology ), there were originally ten suns in the sky, who were all brothers.
A stele erected by Shaolin abbot Wenzai in 1517 shows the deity's vajra-club had by then been changed to a Chinese staff, which originally " served as the emblem of the monk ".
Many popular dishes eaten in Thailand were originally Chinese dishes which were introduced to Thailand mainly by the Teochew people who make up the majority of the Thai Chinese.
Lee's given name Jun-fan was originally written in Chinese as 震藩, however, the Jun ( 震 ) Chinese character was identical to part of his grandfather's name, Lee Jun-biu ( 李震彪 ).
Some schools, mostly mission schools originally set up by missionaries and Chinese independent high schools, have the term " High School " in their English names, such as the Catholic High School PJ and Foon Yew High School.
Zhou originally planned on winning one of the scholarships offered by the Chinese government ; these scholarships, however, required Chinese students to pass entrance examinations in Japanese universities.
Silks were originally reserved for the Kings of China for their own use and gifts to others, but spread gradually through Chinese culture and trade both geographically and socially, and then to many regions of Asia.
While not a direct derivative, the Chinese Shenzhou spacecraft follows the basic template originally pioneered by Soyuz.
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