Duesberg has also argued that nitrite inhalants were the cause of the epidemic of Kaposi sarcoma ( KS ) in gay men.

Consistent with this hypothesis, studies that report the highest rates of PCP in Africa are those that use the most advanced diagnostic methods " Duesberg also claims that Kaposi's Sarcoma is " exclusively diagnosed in male homosexual risk groups using nitrite inhalants and other psychoactive drugs as aphrodisiacs ", but the cancer is fairly common among heterosexuals in some parts of Africa, and is found in heterosexuals in the United States as well.

Duesberg rejects a role in cancer for numerous viruses, including leukemia viruses, Epstein-Barr Virus, Human Papilloma Virus, Hepatitis B, Feline Leukemia Virus, and Human T-lymphotropic virus.

Peter Duesberg argues that retroviruses like HIV must be harmless to survive: they do not kill cells and they do not cause cancer, he maintains.

Duesberg writes, " retroviruses do not kill cells because they depend on viable cells for the replication of their RNA from viral DNA integrated into cellular DNA.

Duesberg claims that the supposedly innocuous nature of all retroviruses is supported by what he considers to be their normal mode of proliferation: infection from mother to child in utero.

* The need, according to Duesberg, of the CDC, the WHO, and other health organizations to justify their existences, resulting in their " manufacturing contagious plagues out of noninfectious medical conditions.

Because reported AIDS cases in Africa and other parts of the developing world include a larger proportion of people who do not belong to Duesberg's preferred risk groups of drug addicts and male homosexuals, Duesberg writes on his website that " There are no risk groups in Africa, like drug addicts and homosexuals ," However, many studies have addressed the issue of risk groups in Africa and concluded that the risk of AIDS is not equally distributed.

The Duesberg hypothesis is the claim, associated with University of California, Berkeley professor Peter Duesberg, that various non-infectious factors such as recreational and pharmaceutical drug use are the cause of AIDS, and that HIV ( human immunodeficiency virus ) is merely a harmless passenger virus.

The most prominent supporters of this hypothesis are Duesberg himself, biochemist and vitamin proponent David Rasnick, and journalist Celia Farber.

The scientific consensus is that the Duesberg hypothesis is incorrect, and that HIV is the cause of AIDS.

Duesberg argues that there is a statistical correlation between trends in recreational drug use and trends in AIDS cases.

Moreover, in addition to recreational drugs, Duesberg argues that anti-HIV drugs such as zidovudine ( AZT ) can cause AIDS.

Duesberg argued in 1989 that a significant number of AIDS victims had died without proof of HIV infection.

Since AIDS is now defined partially by the presence of HIV, Duesberg claims it is impossible by definition to offer evidence that AIDS doesn't require HIV.

According to the Duesberg hypothesis, AIDS is not found in Africa.

Duesberg states that African AIDS cases are " a collection of long-established, indigenous diseases, such as chronic fevers, weight loss, alias “ slim disease ”, diarrhea and tuberculosis " that result from malnutrition and poor sanitation.

According to Duesberg, common diseases are easily misdiagnosed as AIDS in Africa because " the diagnosis of African AIDS is arbitrary " and does not include HIV testing.

One of the reasons for using more HIV tests despite their expense is that, rather than overestimating AIDS as Duesberg suggests, the Bangui definition alone excluded nearly half of African AIDS patients.

Duesberg notes that diseases associated with AIDS differ between African and Western populations, concluding that the causes of immunodeficiency must be different.

The consensus in the scientific community is that the Duesberg hypothesis has been refuted by a large and growing mass of evidence showing that HIV causes AIDS, that the amount of virus in the blood correlates with disease progression, that a plausible mechanism for HIV's action has been proposed, and that anti-HIV medication decreases mortality and opportunistic infection in people with AIDS.

* the AIDS epidemic in Thailand cited by Duesberg as confirmation of his hypothesis is in fact evidence of the role of HIV in AIDS.

Duesberg claims as support for his idea that many drug-free HIV + people have not yet developed AIDS ; HIV / AIDS scientists note that many drug-free HIV + people have developed AIDS, and that, in the absence of medical treatment or rare genetic factors postulated to delay disease progression, it is very likely that nearly all HIV + people will eventually develop AIDS.

* The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints also rejects Trinitarian doctrine, although other churches that are part of the Latter-Day Saint movement still adhere to the Nicene Creed.

He also identifies a homophobic element to the vigour with which mainstream fandom rejects the possibility of a homosexual reading of the character.

Harris also rejects that German military thinking developed any kind of blitzkrieg mentality.

However, Conservative Judaism also rejects the Reform view, that the Torah was not revealed but divinely inspired.

Postmodern critical research is also characterized by what is called, the crisis of representation, which rejects the idea that a researcher ’ s work is considered an “ objective depiction of a stable other ” ( Lindlof & Taylor, 2002, p. 53 ).

The Green Party of England and Wales, which has one seat in Parliament in the House of Commons, also rejects the term " eurosceptic "; however it opposes the Euro and is critical of the current direction and structure of the EU.

Mainstream physics prefers to keep locality, while striving also to maintain a notion of realism that nevertheless rejects counter-factual definiteness.

The free software movement also rejects proprietary software, refusing to install software that does not give them the freedoms of free software.

It also rejects data retention in the phone and internet.

Louis Feldman rejects these arguments against the authenticity of the James passage and states that in several other unrelated cases the Jewish War also differs from the Antiquities, and that an interpolator would have made the two accounts correspond more closely to each other, not make them differ.

While continuing on X-Factor, Cyclops proposes to Jean and she meets her alternate future daughter Rachel Summers ( who goes by the codename " Phoenix " as well and is also able to tap into the Phoenix Force ), but she rejects them both out of the feeling that they indicate that her life is predetermined.

Modernism also rejects the lingering certainty of Enlightenment thinking, as well as the idea of a compassionate, all-powerful Creator.

Any decidable type system involves a trade-off: while it rejects many incorrect programs, it can also prohibit some correct, albeit unusual programs.

It also rejects any " colonial or territorial status " as a status option, and vows to keep working for the enhanced Commonwealth status that was approved by the PPD in 1998 which included sovereignty, an association based on " respect and dignity between both nations ", and common citizenship.

To achieve this, he employs a method called hyperbolical / metaphysical doubt, also sometimes referred to as methodological skepticism: he rejects any ideas that can be doubted, and then reestablishes them in order to acquire a firm foundation for genuine knowledge.

Pakistani-American sociologist Ayesha Jalal also rejects these allegations.

Link's hat is also referenced in the book as a possible piece of equipment for the main character, Remy, who rejects it on the grounds that it would make him look kind of like " a big green bean.

The TCS model of parenting and education rejects this coercion as infringing on the will of the child, and also rejects parental or educator " self-sacrifice " as infringing on the will of the adult.

He also rejects ideal utilitarianism because “ it is certainly not true as an empirical observation that people ’ s only purpose in life is to have ‘ mental states of intrinsic worth ’.”

It also rejects any extension of amnesty to illegal immigrants.

Cairns also rejects the " romantic legend " that Mozart always wrote out perfect manuscripts of works already completely composed in his head, citing major and prolonged revisions to several manuscripts ( see: Mozart's compositional method ).

King Lear is also a literary variant of a common fairy tale, Love Like Salt, Aarne-Thompson type 923, in which a father rejects his youngest daughter for a statement of her love that does not please him.

Writing in Slate Magazine, Judith Shulevitz reported that not only does Fish openly proclaim himself " unprincipled " but also rejects wholesale the concepts of " fairness, impartiality, reasonableness.