Duesberg also rejects the involvement of retroviruses and other viruses in cancer.

* the AIDS epidemic in Thailand cited by Duesberg as confirmation of his hypothesis is in fact evidence of the role of HIV in AIDS.

Consistent with this hypothesis, studies that report the highest rates of PCP in Africa are those that use the most advanced diagnostic methods " Duesberg also claims that Kaposi's Sarcoma is " exclusively diagnosed in male homosexual risk groups using nitrite inhalants and other psychoactive drugs as aphrodisiacs ", but the cancer is fairly common among heterosexuals in some parts of Africa, and is found in heterosexuals in the United States as well.

Peter Duesberg argues that retroviruses like HIV must be harmless to survive: they do not kill cells and they do not cause cancer, he maintains.

What Duesberg calls " the myth of an African AIDS epidemic ," among people " exists for several reasons, including:

One of the reasons for using more HIV tests despite their expense is that, rather than overestimating AIDS as Duesberg suggests, the Bangui definition alone excluded nearly half of African AIDS patients.

Duesberg writes, " retroviruses do not kill cells because they depend on viable cells for the replication of their RNA from viral DNA integrated into cellular DNA.

The consensus in the scientific community is that the Duesberg hypothesis has been refuted by a large and growing mass of evidence showing that HIV causes AIDS, that the amount of virus in the blood correlates with disease progression, that a plausible mechanism for HIV's action has been proposed, and that anti-HIV medication decreases mortality and opportunistic infection in people with AIDS.

Duesberg claims as support for his idea that many drug-free HIV + people have not yet developed AIDS ; HIV / AIDS scientists note that many drug-free HIV + people have developed AIDS, and that, in the absence of medical treatment or rare genetic factors postulated to delay disease progression, it is very likely that nearly all HIV + people will eventually develop AIDS.

Mullis has drawn controversy for his association with prominent AIDS denialist Peter Duesberg, claiming that AIDS is an arbitrary diagnosis only used when HIV antibodies are found in a patient's blood.

There is broad scientific consensus that HIV is the cause of AIDS, but some individuals reject this consensus, including biologist Peter Duesberg, biochemist David Rasnick, journalist / activist Celia Farber, conservative writer Tom Bethell, and intelligent design advocate Phillip E. Johnson.

The Duesberg hypothesis is the claim, associated with University of California, Berkeley professor Peter Duesberg, that various non-infectious factors such as recreational and pharmaceutical drug use are the cause of AIDS, and that HIV ( human immunodeficiency virus ) is merely a harmless passenger virus.

" Duesberg elsewhere states that " the typical virus reproduces by entering a living cell and commandeering the cell's resources in order to make new virus particles, a process that ends with the disintegration of the dead cell ".

Duesberg does not suggest that HIV is an endogenous retrovirus, a virus integrated into the germ line and genetically heritable:

On this key issue, Duesberg is, I believe, in error ," but " Duesberg has predicted, correctly, that the virus alone is not enough to explain all aspects of the immunodeficiency process.

The discredited Duesberg hypothesis posits that HIV is a passenger virus in the etiology of AIDS.

The most prominent supporters of this hypothesis are Duesberg himself, biochemist and vitamin proponent David Rasnick, and journalist Celia Farber.

The scientific consensus is that the Duesberg hypothesis is incorrect, and that HIV is the cause of AIDS.

Duesberg argues that there is a statistical correlation between trends in recreational drug use and trends in AIDS cases.

Duesberg has also argued that nitrite inhalants were the cause of the epidemic of Kaposi sarcoma ( KS ) in gay men.

Moreover, in addition to recreational drugs, Duesberg argues that anti-HIV drugs such as zidovudine ( AZT ) can cause AIDS.

Duesberg argued in 1989 that a significant number of AIDS victims had died without proof of HIV infection.

Since AIDS is now defined partially by the presence of HIV, Duesberg claims it is impossible by definition to offer evidence that AIDS doesn't require HIV.

According to the Duesberg hypothesis, AIDS is not found in Africa.

* The need, according to Duesberg, of the CDC, the WHO, and other health organizations to justify their existences, resulting in their " manufacturing contagious plagues out of noninfectious medical conditions.

Duesberg states that African AIDS cases are " a collection of long-established, indigenous diseases, such as chronic fevers, weight loss, alias “ slim disease ”, diarrhea and tuberculosis " that result from malnutrition and poor sanitation.

According to Duesberg, common diseases are easily misdiagnosed as AIDS in Africa because " the diagnosis of African AIDS is arbitrary " and does not include HIV testing.

Duesberg notes that diseases associated with AIDS differ between African and Western populations, concluding that the causes of immunodeficiency must be different.

Because reported AIDS cases in Africa and other parts of the developing world include a larger proportion of people who do not belong to Duesberg's preferred risk groups of drug addicts and male homosexuals, Duesberg writes on his website that " There are no risk groups in Africa, like drug addicts and homosexuals ," However, many studies have addressed the issue of risk groups in Africa and concluded that the risk of AIDS is not equally distributed.

Duesberg claims that the supposedly innocuous nature of all retroviruses is supported by what he considers to be their normal mode of proliferation: infection from mother to child in utero.

Second, it is considered to be " anti-theoretical ," although this is a fundamental misunderstanding of the role of theory in a radically inductive scientific position, which rejects hypothetico-deductive method.

He rejects her proposal of marriage on the grounds that he doesn't want another matriarch in his life ( he views her taking care of him as a nurse to be a motherly role ).

Arya Samaj doctrine rejects the idea of caste and the exclusive role of Brahmins as religious leaders.

Linda Hutcheon argues that excessive interest in intertextuality rejects the role of the author, because intertextuality can be found " in the eye of the beholder " and does not entail a communicator's intentions.

* George Grenville assumes the role of Prime Minister subsequent to Bute's resignation, after Henry Fox rejects the job.

" Jennings rejects charges that his family's inexpensive guns play a greater role in crime than more expensive guns made by up-scale manufacturers.

The affirmation of her role as Shaw's archetypical ideal woman is her speech ( the longest by far in the work ) in which she rejects Johnny's offer of marriage in favor of retaining her independence ... financially, intellectually and physically.

Arya Samaj doctrine rejects the idea of caste and the exclusive role of Brahmins as religious leaders.

Along the way, Walker comes to the discovery that he is to be the next Druid, a role he at first rejects and then accepts.

There is indeed a moral responsibility on man himself, for his own soul's sake, to respect lower life and to avoid the infliction of suffering, but this viewpoint Schweitzer rejects.

It will be recalled from the discussion in Section 7 that the position of the `` right '', as represented by Barth, rests on the following thesis: The only tenable alternative to Bultmann's position is a theology that ( 1 ) rejects or at least qualifies his unconditioned demand for demythologization and existential interpretation ; ;

It rejects any sacrifice, not only for the son, but for the father as well.

Clement rejects the Gnostic opposition to marriage, arguing that only men who are uninterested in women should remain celibate, and that sex is a positive good if performed within marriage for the purposes of procreation.

Thus, Judaism rejects the notion that anyone can or should die for anyone else's sin.

The DPP rejects the so-called " one China principle " as the basis for official diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China ( PRC ) and advocates a Taiwanese national identity which is separate from mainland China.

Academic consensus rejects all alternative candidates for authorship, including Oxford.

Climacus rejects Hegel's suppression of individuality by pointing out it is impossible to create a valid set of rules or system in any society which can adequately describe existence for any one individual.

Anarcho-pacifism is a tendency within the anarchist movement which rejects the use of violence in the struggle for social change.

" Non-centralism rejects this view, holding that thin and thick concepts are on par with one another and even that the thick concepts are a sufficient starting point for understanding the thin ones.

Non-reductive materialism explicitly rejects this notion, however, taking the material constitution of all particulars to be consistent with the existence of real objects, properties, or phenomena not explicable in the terms canonically used for the basic material constituents.

He circulated copies of the historian Gaius Cornelius Tacitus ' work, which was barely read at the time, and so we perhaps have him to thank for the partial survival of Tacitus ' work ; however, modern historiography rejects his claimed descent from the historian as forgery.

However, their work rejects terraforming and Mars has been designated as a " planet for science ", analogously to Antarctica's current status as an ecologically preserved site for managed scientific experimentation.

* 1920 – The United States Senate rejects the Treaty of Versailles for the second time ( the first time was on November 19, 1919 ).

He rejects the use of formal logic in linguistic theories as " irrelevant to the understanding of language " and the use of such approaches as " disastrous for linguistics ".

This might occur, for example, if a person's parents are nationals of separate countries, and the mother's country rejects all offspring of mothers married to foreign fathers, but the father's country rejects all offspring born to foreign mothers.

Layouts as possible accessories for the Perky Pat virtual worlds -- but Barney, recognizing them as Emily's, rejects them out of spite.

It also rejects any " colonial or territorial status " as a status option, and vows to keep working for the enhanced Commonwealth status that was approved by the PPD in 1998 which included sovereignty, an association based on " respect and dignity between both nations ", and common citizenship.

In contrast to the nonviolence principle stands the non-aggression principle which rejects the initiation of violence, but permits the use of violence for self-defense or delegated defense.

To achieve this, he employs a method called hyperbolical / metaphysical doubt, also sometimes referred to as methodological skepticism: he rejects any ideas that can be doubted, and then reestablishes them in order to acquire a firm foundation for genuine knowledge.

Link's hat is also referenced in the book as a possible piece of equipment for the main character, Remy, who rejects it on the grounds that it would make him look kind of like " a big green bean.