Inversions seen in such lines as " fair is foul and foul is fair " are used frequently, and another possible reference to the plot relates to the use of equivocation ; Garnett's A Treatise of Equivocation was found on one of the plotters.

Equivocation (" to call by the same name ") is classified as both a formal and informal logical fallacy.

However, " farmer " is a common word, and " equivocation " was also the subject of a 1583 tract by Queen Elizabeth's chief councillor Lord Burghley, and of the 1584 Doctrine of Equivocation by the Spanish prelate Martin Azpilcueta, which was disseminated across Europe and into England in the 1590s.

This can happen in conjunction with Equivocation, whereby word or phrase is used literally in one part of an argument but figuratively in another part of the argument.

See, for example Robert Southwell and Henry Garnet, author of A Treatise of Equivocation ( published secretly c. 1595 ) — to whom, it is supposed, Shakespeare was specifically referring.

Equivocation is the use of circumlocution to deceive others without blatantly lying.

Equivocation of the middle term is a frequently cited source of a fourth term being added to a syllogism ; both of the equivocation examples above affect the middle term of the syllogism.

* Equivocation is the complete change in meaning of the descriptor and is an informal fallacy.

Equivocation is a logical fallacy whereby an argument is made with a term which changes semantics in the course of the argument.

* Equivocation ( information theory ), in information theory, measures the amount of information that is contained in a random variable or other unknown quantity, given the knowledge over another random variable

* Equivocation consists in employing the same word in two or more senses, e. g. in a syllogism, the middle term being used in one sense in the major and another in the minor premise, so that in fact there are four not three terms.

" Some Notes on Equivocation: Comment ", PMLA: Publications of the Modern Language Association of America Vol.

" Some Notes on Equivocation ", PMLA: Publications of the Modern Language Association of America Vol.

Oxfordian scholars respond that the concept of " equivocation " was the subject of a 1583 tract by Queen Elizabeth's chief councillor ( and Oxford's father-in-law ) Lord Burghley, as well as of the 1584 Doctrine of Equivocation by the Spanish prelate Martín de Azpilcueta, which was disseminated across Europe and into England in the 1590s.

* Robert Cecil was portrayed as the unsympathetic, conniving antagonist of the play, Equivocation, written by Bill Cain, which first premiered at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in 2009.

His defence of the practice of equivocation was published in A Treatise of Equivocation ( c. 1598 ), originally titled A Treatise against lying and fraudulent dissimulation.

and Dignity ; and I will do my utmost Endeavor to disclose and make known to his Majesty, his Heirs and Successors, all Treasons, and traitorous Conspiracies, and Attempts, which I shall know to be against him, or any of them ; and all this I do swear without any Equivocation, mental Evasion, or secret Reservation, and renouncing all Pardons and Dispensations from any Power or Person whomsoever to the contrary.

* Equivocation ( magic ), a technique in magic or mentalism, in which a performer gives the appearance of an apparent choice, with no such choice existing.

# Equivocation.

But there is no use causing him to worry at this time ''.

But apart from racial problems, the old unreconstructed South -- to use the moderate words favored by Mr. Thomas Griffith -- finds itself unsympathetic to most of what is different about the civilization of the North.

Only the President is permitted to authorize the use of nuclear weapons.

The sequence is determined by chance, and Mr. Cunningham makes use of any one of several chance devices.

If they avoid the use of the pungent, outlawed four-letter word it is because it is taboo ; ;

This is the rhetoric of righteousness the beatniks use in defending their way of life, their search for wholeness, though their actual existence fails to reach these `` religious '' heights.

Part of the ritual of sex is the use of marijuana.

Holmes is addicted to the use of cocaine and other refreshing stimulants ; ;

But what a super-Herculean task it is to winnow anything of value from the mud-beplastered arguments used so freely, particularly since such common use is made of cliches and stereotypes, in themselves declarations of intellectual bankruptcy.

`` The argument that is cutting most ice is that Hearst is the only candidate who is fighting the trusts fearlessly and who would use all the powers of government to disrupt them if he were elected.

for if this can be proved we shall surely be the gainers -- I mean, if there is a use in poetry as well as a delight ''.

It is even true that some among them use the sheer fact of conformity -- `` everyone does it '' -- as a criterion for conduct.

Without a precise knowledge of Germanic philology, however, it is debatable whether their use was not more often a source of confusion and error than anything else.

Often the historian must consider the use of intuition or instinct by those individuals or nations which he is studying.

Easily the best known of these three novels is The Space Merchants, a good example of a science-fiction dystopia which extrapolates much more than the impact of science on human life, though its most important warning is in this area, namely as to the use to which discoveries in the behavioral sciences may be put.

The narrator is an Alsatian serving with the French Army, and he has the same name ( Berger ) that Malraux himself was later to use in the Resistance ; ;

And by a skillful and unobtrusive use of imagery ( the enclosure is called a `` Roman-camp stockade '', the hastily erected lean-to is a `` Babylonian hovel '', the men begin to look like `` Peruvian mummies '' and to acquire `` Gothic faces '' ), Malraux projects a fresco of human endurance -- which is also the endurance of the human -- stretching backward into the dark abyss of time.

In fact, he conceded that there would indeed be an extra premise needed, but denied that the cogito is a syllogism ( see below ).

To argue that the cogito is not a syllogism, one may call it self-evident that " Whatever has the property of thinking, exists ".

In classical logic disjunctive syllogism ( historically known as modus tollendo ponens ) is a valid argument form which is a syllogism having a disjunctive statement for one of its premises.

In propositional logic, disjunctive syllogism ( also known as disjunction elimination and or elimination, or abbreviated ∨ E ), is a valid rule of inference.

The reason this is called " disjunctive syllogism " is that, first, it is a syllogism, a three-step argument, and second, it contains a logical disjunction, which simply means an " or " statement.

Disjunctive syllogism is closely related and similar to hypothetical syllogism, in that it is also type of syllogism, and also the name of a rule of inference.

Please observe that the disjunctive syllogism works whether ' or ' is considered ' exclusive ' or ' inclusive ' disjunction.

Because the " middle term " of this syllogism is not one term, but two separate ones masquerading as one ( all feathers are indeed " not heavy ", but it is not true that all feathers are " bright "), this type of equivocation is actually an example of the fallacy of four terms.

However, by exposing the unparallel structure in the original syllogism, the reader is now able to supply the logical conclusion: