Another advantage of the use of virtual circuits comes with the ability to use them as a multiplexing layer, allowing different services ( such as voice, Frame Relay, n * 64 channels, IP ).

In theory, Frame Relay can operate over the D channel of BRIs and PRIs, but it is seldom, if ever, used.

MPLS supports a range of access technologies, including T1 / E1, ATM, Frame Relay, and DSL.

The primary benefit is to eliminate dependence on a particular OSI model data link layer technology, such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode ( ATM ), Frame Relay, Synchronous Optical Networking ( SONET ) or Ethernet, and eliminate the need for multiple layer-2 networks to satisfy different types of traffic.

A number of different technologies were previously deployed with essentially identical goals, such as Frame Relay and ATM.

At the same time, MPLS attempts to preserve the traffic engineering and out-of-band control that made Frame Relay and ATM attractive for deploying large-scale networks.

In many respects, LSPs are not different from permanent virtual circuits ( PVCs ) in ATM or Frame Relay networks, except that they are not dependent on a particular layer-2 technology.

MPLS can make use of existing ATM network or Frame Relay infrastructure, as its labeled flows can be mapped to ATM or Frame Relay virtual-circuit identifiers, and vice versa.

MPLS LSPs provide dynamic, transparent virtual networks with support for traffic engineering, the ability to transport layer-3 ( IP ) VPNs with overlapping address spaces, and support for layer-2 pseudowires using Pseudowire Emulation Edge-to-Edge ( PWE3 ) that are capable of transporting a variety of transport payloads ( IPv4, IPv6, ATM, Frame Relay, etc .).

Frame Relay aimed to make more efficient use of existing physical resources, which allow for the underprovisioning of data services by telecommunications companies ( telcos ) to their customers, as clients were unlikely to be utilizing a data service 100 percent of the time.

In more recent years, Frame Relay has acquired a bad reputation in some markets because of excessive bandwidth overbooking by these telcos.

Telcos often sell Frame Relay to businesses looking for a cheaper alternative to dedicated lines ; its use in different geographic areas depended greatly on governmental and telecommunication companies ' policies.

AT & T is currently ( as of June 2007 ) the largest Frame Relay service provider in the United States, with local networks in 22 states, plus national and international networks.

This number is expected to change between 2007 and 2009 when most of these Frame Relay contracts expire.

Many customers are likely to migrate from Frame Relay to MPLS over IP or Ethernet within the next two years, which in many cases will reduce costs and improve manageability and performance of their wide area networks.

X. 25 was an important early WAN protocol, and is often considered to be the " grandfather " of Frame Relay as many of the underlying protocols and functions of X. 25 are still in use today ( with upgrades ) by Frame Relay.

Frame Relay is a standardized wide area network technology that specifies the physical and logical link layers of digital telecommunications channels using a packet switching methodology.

Network providers commonly implement Frame Relay for voice ( VoFR ) and data as an encapsulation technique, used between local area networks ( LANs ) over a wide area network ( WAN ).

Each end-user gets a private line ( or leased line ) to a Frame Relay node.

Frame representations are object-centered in the same sense as semantic networks are: All the facts and properties connected with a concept are located in one place-there is no need for costly search processes in the database.

The designers of Frame Relay aimed to provide a telecommunication service for cost-efficient data transmission for intermittent traffic between local area networks ( LANs ) and between end-points in a wide area network ( WAN ).

Frame Relay often serves to connect local area networks ( LANs ) with major backbones as well as on public wide-area networks ( WANs ) and also in private network environments with leased lines over T-1 lines.

As a result, the offered load has largely determined the performance of Frame Relay networks.

X. 25 provides quality of service and error-free delivery, whereas, Frame Relay was designed to relay data as quickly as possible over low error networks.

As of June 2007 AT & T was the largest Frame Relay service provider in the USA, with local networks in 22 states, plus national and international networks.

Beginning in the early 1990s in North America, use of X. 25 networks ( predominated by Telenet and Tymnet ) began being replaced with Frame Relay service offered by national telephone companies.

Frame Relay was used to interconnect LANs or LAN segments, mainly in the 1990s by large companies that had a requirement to handle heavy telecommunications traffic across wide area networks.

Many companies did not intend to cross over to Frame Relay packet switching because it is more cost effective to use X. 25 on slower networks.

DR's can also be elected on NBMA ( Non-Broadcast Multi-Access ) networks such as Frame Relay or ATM.

In many non-IP-based networks, for example X. 25, Frame Relay and ATM, the connection oriented communication is implemented at network layer or data link layer rather than the transport layer.

With the extension of digital services in the 1980s leased lines were used to connect customer premises to Frame Relay or ATM networks.

Frame Relay networks use DLCIs to statistically multiplex frames.

The B-STDX and CBX / GX lines were the workhorses of most RBOC Frame Relay and ATM networks throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.

Frame Technology's frame macros have their own command syntax but can also contain text in any language.

Frame Technology can avoid the proliferation of similar but subtly different components, an issue that has plagued software development since the invention of macros and subroutines.

* Google Chrome Frame from Google can support all web elements supported by WebKit, including SVG 1. 0 and partially SVG 1. 1.

Frame Relay can run on fractional T-1 or full T-carrier system carriers ( outside the Americas, E1 or full E-carrier ).

Frame-relay frame structure essentially mirrors almost exactly that defined for LAP-D. Traffic analysis can distinguish Frame Relay format from LAP-D by its lack of a control field.

Frames that are sent in excess of the CIR are marked as discard eligible ( DE ) which means they can be dropped should congestion occur within the Frame Relay network.

In modern implementations of Ethernet, the field within the Ethernet frame used to describe the EtherType also can be used to represent the size of the payload of the Ethernet Frame.

** Frame numbering, a feature that allows the creation of " sub-sequences ", enabling temporal scalability by optional inclusion of extra pictures between other pictures, and the detection and concealment of losses of entire pictures, which can occur due to network packet losses or channel errors.

* Frame ( artificial intelligence ), machine-usable formalizations of concepts or schemata that can be used for knowledge representation

Frame bundles have additional structure called the solder form, which can be used to extend a principal connection on P to a trivialization of the tangent bundle of P called an absolute parallelism.

A Wood Frame Waterbed can be home built for less than a hundred dollars.

Frame behaviors can be used to create a pause or delay within a certain frame in the score.

( Frame notes that the apologist is here akin to the psychiatrist who presents the truth about the paranoid's delusions, trusting that his patient knows the truth at some level and can accept it — though Frame, as a Calvinist, would say the special intervention of God in the Holy Spirit is also required for the unbeliever to accept ultimate truths.

Frame Relay, ATM, and MPLS based services can also be used.

Frame, developing the thought of his mentor Cornelius Van Til, has asserted in both his Apologetics to the Glory of God and his Cornelius Van Til: An Analysis of His Thought that all non-Christian thought can be categorized as the ebb and flow of rationalism and irrationalism.

Frame asks where we can find moral responsibility and freedom in Kant's scheme.

However, unlike other traffic types that can be carried over pseudowires ( e. g. ATM, Frame Relay, and Ethernet ), TDM is a real-time bit stream, leading to TDMoIP having unique characteristics.