Another advantage of the use of virtual circuits comes with the ability to use them as a multiplexing layer, allowing different services ( such as voice, Frame Relay, n * 64 channels, IP ).

In theory, Frame Relay can operate over the D channel of BRIs and PRIs, but it is seldom, if ever, used.

MPLS supports a range of access technologies, including T1 / E1, ATM, Frame Relay, and DSL.

The primary benefit is to eliminate dependence on a particular OSI model data link layer technology, such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode ( ATM ), Frame Relay, Synchronous Optical Networking ( SONET ) or Ethernet, and eliminate the need for multiple layer-2 networks to satisfy different types of traffic.

A number of different technologies were previously deployed with essentially identical goals, such as Frame Relay and ATM.

At the same time, MPLS attempts to preserve the traffic engineering and out-of-band control that made Frame Relay and ATM attractive for deploying large-scale networks.

In many respects, LSPs are not different from permanent virtual circuits ( PVCs ) in ATM or Frame Relay networks, except that they are not dependent on a particular layer-2 technology.

MPLS can make use of existing ATM network or Frame Relay infrastructure, as its labeled flows can be mapped to ATM or Frame Relay virtual-circuit identifiers, and vice versa.

MPLS LSPs provide dynamic, transparent virtual networks with support for traffic engineering, the ability to transport layer-3 ( IP ) VPNs with overlapping address spaces, and support for layer-2 pseudowires using Pseudowire Emulation Edge-to-Edge ( PWE3 ) that are capable of transporting a variety of transport payloads ( IPv4, IPv6, ATM, Frame Relay, etc .).

Frame Relay aimed to make more efficient use of existing physical resources, which allow for the underprovisioning of data services by telecommunications companies ( telcos ) to their customers, as clients were unlikely to be utilizing a data service 100 percent of the time.

In more recent years, Frame Relay has acquired a bad reputation in some markets because of excessive bandwidth overbooking by these telcos.

Telcos often sell Frame Relay to businesses looking for a cheaper alternative to dedicated lines ; its use in different geographic areas depended greatly on governmental and telecommunication companies ' policies.

AT & T is currently ( as of June 2007 ) the largest Frame Relay service provider in the United States, with local networks in 22 states, plus national and international networks.

This number is expected to change between 2007 and 2009 when most of these Frame Relay contracts expire.

Many customers are likely to migrate from Frame Relay to MPLS over IP or Ethernet within the next two years, which in many cases will reduce costs and improve manageability and performance of their wide area networks.

X. 25 was an important early WAN protocol, and is often considered to be the " grandfather " of Frame Relay as many of the underlying protocols and functions of X. 25 are still in use today ( with upgrades ) by Frame Relay.

Frame Relay is a standardized wide area network technology that specifies the physical and logical link layers of digital telecommunications channels using a packet switching methodology.

Network providers commonly implement Frame Relay for voice ( VoFR ) and data as an encapsulation technique, used between local area networks ( LANs ) over a wide area network ( WAN ).

Each end-user gets a private line ( or leased line ) to a Frame Relay node.

Frame representations are object-centered in the same sense as semantic networks are: All the facts and properties connected with a concept are located in one place-there is no need for costly search processes in the database.

The designers of Frame Relay aimed to provide a telecommunication service for cost-efficient data transmission for intermittent traffic between local area networks ( LANs ) and between end-points in a wide area network ( WAN ).

Frame Relay often serves to connect local area networks ( LANs ) with major backbones as well as on public wide-area networks ( WANs ) and also in private network environments with leased lines over T-1 lines.

As a result, the offered load has largely determined the performance of Frame Relay networks.

X. 25 provides quality of service and error-free delivery, whereas, Frame Relay was designed to relay data as quickly as possible over low error networks.

Frame Relay networks can dynamically allocate bandwidth at both the physical and logical channel level.

As of June 2007 AT & T was the largest Frame Relay service provider in the USA, with local networks in 22 states, plus national and international networks.

Beginning in the early 1990s in North America, use of X. 25 networks ( predominated by Telenet and Tymnet ) began being replaced with Frame Relay service offered by national telephone companies.

Frame Relay was used to interconnect LANs or LAN segments, mainly in the 1990s by large companies that had a requirement to handle heavy telecommunications traffic across wide area networks.

Many companies did not intend to cross over to Frame Relay packet switching because it is more cost effective to use X. 25 on slower networks.

DR's can also be elected on NBMA ( Non-Broadcast Multi-Access ) networks such as Frame Relay or ATM.

In many non-IP-based networks, for example X. 25, Frame Relay and ATM, the connection oriented communication is implemented at network layer or data link layer rather than the transport layer.

With the extension of digital services in the 1980s leased lines were used to connect customer premises to Frame Relay or ATM networks.

The B-STDX and CBX / GX lines were the workhorses of most RBOC Frame Relay and ATM networks throughout the 1990s and into the 21st century.

Thus a retail chain, for instance, may use Frame Relay for connecting rural stores into their corporate WAN.

However, under certain circumstances, voice and video transmission do use Frame Relay.

Frame Relay was designed for use on links with error-rates far lower than available when X. 25 was designed.

Frame Relay aimed to make more efficient use of existing physical resources, permitting the over-provisioning of data services by telecommunications companies to their customers, as clients were unlikely to be utilizing a data service 100 percent of the time.

Telcos often sell Frame Relay to businesses looking for a cheaper alternative to dedicated lines ; its use in different geographic areas depended greatly on governmental and telecommunication companies ' policies.

Modern geodetic reference systems, such as the World Geodetic System and the International Terrestrial Reference Frame, use a single Earth-centered oblate spheroid.

Most car bodies are not true monocoques ; instead modern cars use unitary construction which is also known as unit body, unibody, or Body Frame Integral construction.

Frame: Cristofori's pianos use an internal frame member ( bentside ) to support the soundboard ; in other words, the structural member attaching the right side of the soundboard is distinct from the external case that bears the tension of the strings.

Ultimately, the suits were approved for use in the Sydney Olympics and in December 2000 the super-suit earned a place on Popular Science's " 100 Best of What's New ", alongside the US Navy's F-16 replacement and Kodak's Smart Digital Picture Frame with built-in modem.

Meanwhile, the Fatal Frame series has remained true to the roots of the genre, even as Fatal Frame IV transitioned from the use of fixed cameras to an over-the-shoulder viewpoint.

Almost all cheap LCD displays ( such as typical twisted nematic types ) use dithered 18-bit color ( 64 × 64 × 64 = 262, 144 combinations ) to achieve faster transition times, but they must use either dithering or Frame Rate Control to fake 24-bit-per-pixel true color, or throw away 6 bits of color information entirely.

Frame manufacturers are free to use any material they choose in the frame.