The Winter Olympic Games have been hosted in the Swiss, French, Italian and Austrian Alps.

Some of the French dialects spoken in the French and Swiss Alps derive from Old Provençal ; the German dialects derive from Germanic tribal languages.

After trouble with an incompetent Swiss French nursery helper Marcelle for toddler Rosalind, she decides " Scottish preferred .. good with the young.

* 1792 – French Revolution: Storming of the Tuileries Palace – Louis XVI of France is arrested and taken into custody as his Swiss Guards are massacred by the Parisian mob.

* 1500 – Ludovico Sforza is captured by the Swiss troops at Novara and is handed over to the French.

In the open country between Taviers and Ramillies, he placed 82 squadrons under General de Guiscard supported by several interleaved brigades of French, Swiss and Bavarian infantry.

Her mother was born Countess Maria-Luisa Yvonne Radha de Wendt de Kerlor, better known as Gogo Schiaparelli, a socialite of Italian, Swiss, French, and Egyptian ancestry.

Located where the Swiss, French and German borders meet, Basel also has suburbs in France and Germany.

The airport itself is split into two architecturally independent sectors, one half serving the French side and the other half serving the Swiss side ; prior to Schengen there was a customs point at the middle of the airport so that people could " emigrate " to the other side of the airport.

Three railway stations — those of the German, French and Swiss networks — lie within the city ( although the Swiss ( Basel SBB ) and French ( Bâle SNCF ) stations are actually in the same complex, separated by Customs and Immigration facilities ).

** EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg – pedestrian walkway between the French and Swiss sections on Level 3 ( departures ) of airport.

* Swiss franc ( by French speakers only, see Rappen )

The French Army used existing mounted squadrons of Spahis to a limited extent for patrol work during the Algerian War ( 1954 – 62 ) and the Swiss Army maintained a mounted dragoon regiment for combat purposes until 1973.

The “ perennialist ” or “ traditionalist ” school is represented by authors like the French René Guénon ( 1886 – 1951 ), the Indian Ananda Coomaraswamy ( 1877 – 1947 ), the Swiss Frithjof Schuon ( 1907 – 1998 ), the Italian Julius Evola ( 1898 – 1974 ), the Iranian Seyyed Hossein Nasr ( born in 1933 ), both scholars and esotericists.

* Fondation Fellini pour le cinéma ( Switzerland ) Official Swiss web site ( in French )

Hegel, French materialist and utilitarian philosophe Claude Adrien Helvétius, Swiss collectivist philosophe Jean-Jacques Rousseau, French utopian socialist Henri de Saint-Simon, and Savoyard conservative Joseph de Maistre as thinkers who constituted the ideological basis for modern authoritarianism, in his book Freedom and Its Betrayal: Six Enemies of Human Liberty.

Geneva is covered by the various French language radio networks of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation, in particular the Radio Suisse Romande.

In 2007 the agglomération franco-valdo-genevoise had 812, 000 inhabitants, two-thirds of whom lived on Swiss soil and one-third on French soil.

Some publishers design games that contain instructions and game elements in more than one language, e. g. the game Ursuppe comes with rules and cards in both German and English ; Khronos features instructions in French, English, and German, and a Swiss game, Enchanted Owls, provides French, German, Italian, and Romansh rules.

Ampère was born on 20 January 1775 to Jean-Jacques Ampère, a prosperous businessman, and Jeanne Antoinette Desutières-Sarcey Ampère during the height of the French Enlightenment.

French Enlightenment masterpieces such as Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon ’ s Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière ( begun in 1749 ) and Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d ' Alembert ’ s Encyclopédie ( volumes added between 1751 and 1772 ) thus became Ampère ’ s schoolmasters.

His education was filled with the ideals of the French Enlightenment of the time, and he was fascinated by Pierre Macquer's dictionary of chemistry.

Candide, ou l ' Optimisme (; French: ) is a French satire first published in 1759 by Voltaire, a philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment.

The concept of representative democracy arose largely from ideas and institutions that developed during the European Middle Ages, the Age of Enlightenment, and the American and French Revolutions.

As can be seen in the texts, the French declaration is heavily influenced by the political philosophy of the Enlightenment, and by Enlightenment principles of human rights, some of which it shares with the U. S. Declaration of Independence which preceded it ( 4 July 1776 ).

The Encyclopédie represented the essence of the French Enlightenment.

French materialism is the name given to a handful of French 18th century philosophers during the Age of Enlightenment, many of them clustered around the salon of Baron d ' Holbach.

* A History of Philosophy: Volume VI: Modern Philosophy: From the French Enlightenment to Kant.

Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire helped fuel this resentment by denigrating the Catholic Church and destabilizing the French monarchy.

In the 18th century, writers of the Enlightenment wrote about feudalism to denigrate the antiquated system of the Ancien Régime, or French monarchy.

Enlightenment authors generally mocked and ridiculed anything from the " Dark Ages " including feudalism, projecting its negative characteristics on the current French monarchy as a means of political gain.

German artists and intellectuals, heavily influenced by the French Revolution and by the great German poet and writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ( 1749 – 1832 ), turned to Romanticism after a period of Enlightenment.

The French Enlightenment writer Voltaire remarked sardonically: " This agglomeration which was called and which still calls itself the Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire.

The true forerunner of human rights discourse was the concept of natural rights which appeared as part of the medieval Natural law tradition that became prominent during the Enlightenment with such philosophers as John Locke, Francis Hutcheson, and Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, and featured prominently in the political discourse of the American Revolution and the French Revolution.

The " Philosophes " were eighteenth century French intellectuals who dominated the French Enlightenment and were influential across Europe.

The leader of the French Enlightenment and a writer of enormous influence across Europe, was Voltaire ( 1694 – 1778 ).

The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment ( 1994 ) 338 pp online edition

* Kaiser, Thomas E. " This Strange Offspring of Philosophie: Recent Historiographical Problems in Relating the Enlightenment to the French Revolution.

French Women and the Age of Enlightenment.

Several of his works, along with many other Byzantine physicians, were translated into Latin, and eventually, during the Enlightenment and Age of Reason, into English and French.

* Physiocrats, 18th century French thinkers

An Augustinian, he had studied theology in Paris under St. Thomas of Aquinas to become one of the most authoritative thinkers of his time, and tutor to French king Philip IV the Fair, ( 1268-29 November 1314 ).

His emphasis on minimizing harm and maximizing happiness in his formulation of the Ethic of Reciprocity was later picked up by the democratic thinkers of the French Revolution, and others, like John Locke, who wrote that people had a right to " life, liberty, and property.

The thought of German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche has been influential in individualist anarchism specifically in thinkers such as the French Émile Armand, the Italian Renzo Novatore, the Colombian Biofilo Panclasta, and also " translations of Nietzsche's writings in the United States very likely appeared first in Liberty, the anarchist journal edited by Benjamin Tucker ".

He studied and earned a degree in philosophy in Paris at the École Normale Supérieure, an institution of higher education that was the alma mater for several prominent French thinkers and intellectuals.

There followed the materialist and atheist Jean Meslier, Julien Offroy de La Mettrie, Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d ' Holbach, Denis Diderot, and other French Enlightenment thinkers ; as well as in England, John " Walking " Stewart, whose insistence that all matter is endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth.

Eugène Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People ( 1830, Louvre ), a painting created at a time where old and modern political philosophies came into violent conflict. During the Enlightenment period, new theories about what the human was and is and about the definition of reality and the way it was perceived, along with the discovery of other societies in the Americas, and the changing needs of political societies ( especially in the wake of the English Civil War, the American Revolution and the French Revolution ) led to new questions and insights by such thinkers as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Montesquieu and John Locke.

Merquior a love – hate relationship with structuralism developed amongst many leading French thinkers in the 1960s.

The leaders of the revolution were well versed in the writings of the French liberal thinkers, and also in history of the classical republics.

To this day, the war has provided an important strategy frame for counter-insurgency thinkers, while the use of torture by the French Army has provoked a moral and political debate on the legitimacy and effectiveness of such methods.

Arab nationalism was influenced by 19th Century mainland European thinkers, notably conservative German philosophers such as Johann Gottlieb Fichte of the Königsberg University Kantian school, and French Positivists such as Auguste Comte and professor Ernest Renan of the Collège de France in Paris.

His intellectual reputation, moreover, was subsequently eclipsed by the likes of John Locke and David Hume, and still more by Montesquieu and the French radical thinkers.

Pierre Bayle attributed to Bodin a maxim about the intellectual consequences of the non-existence of God ( a precursor of Voltaire's, but based on a traditional commonplace of French thinkers ).

One of the main thinkers of the French far-right, he had participated in Marcel Déat's fascist party Rassemblement National Populaire ( RNP ) under the Vichy regime.

In this period socialism emerged from a diverse array of doctrines and social experiments associated primarily with British and French thinkers — especially Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Louis Blanc, and Saint-Simon.

Philosophe is the French word for " philosopher ," and was a word that the French enlightenment thinkers usually applied to themselves.

Scholars differ concerning whether the word should be applied to all enlightenment thinkers or be restricted to only the French philosophers.

Utopian socialists never actually used this name to describe themselves ; the term " Utopian socialism " was introduced by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The Communist Manifesto in 1848, although Marx shortly before the publication of this pamphlet already attacked the ideas of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in Das Elend der Philosophie ( originally written in French, 1847 ) and used by later socialist thinkers to describe early socialist or quasi-socialist intellectuals who created hypothetical visions of egalitarian, communalist, meritocratic, or other notions of " perfect " societies without actually concerning themselves with the manner in which these societies could be created or sustained.

The word " counterrevolutionary " originally refers to thinkers who opposed themselves to the 1789 French Revolution, such as Joseph de Maistre, Louis de Bonald or, later, Charles Maurras, the founder of the Action française monarchist movement.