Philosophically, dialectical materialism — that Man originates History through active consciousness — was originated by Moses Hess, and developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

As a philosopher, Dietzgen had constructed the theory of dialectical materialism independently of Marx and Friedrich Engels.

" -- Friedrich Engels, Dialectics of Nature.

Lenin was developing the work of Friedrich Engels, who said that " with each epoch-making discovery, even in the sphere of natural science, materialism has to change its form.

* Friedrich Engels

* Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy, Friedrich Engels

* Anti-Dühring, Friedrich Engels

* Dialectics of Nature, Friedrich Engels

* 1848 – Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels publish The Communist Manifesto.

It was not unusual for men and women in Victorian society to have affairs ; Charles Bray, John Chapman, Friedrich Engels, and Wilkie Collins all had affairs, though more discreetly than Lewes and Evans.

However, their efforts were unable to stop the spread of revolutionary movements: the middle classes had been deeply influenced by the ideals of the French revolution, the Industrial Revolution brought important economical and social changes, the lower classes started to be influenced by socialist, communist and anarchistic ideas ( especially those summarised by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in The Communist Manifesto ), and the preference of the new capitalists became Liberalism.

Friedrich Engels wrote: " I use ' historical materialism ' to designate the view of the course of history, which seeks the ultimate causes and the great moving power of all important historic events in the economic development of society, in the changes in the modes of production and exchange, with the consequent division of society into distinct classes and the struggles of these classes.

The first explicit and systematic summary of the materialist interpretation of history published, Anti-Dühring, was written by Friedrich Engels.

In 1880, about three years before Marx died, Friedrich Engels indicated that he accepted the usage of the term " historical materialism ".

In the early years of the 20th century, historical materialism was often treated by socialist writers as interchangeable with dialectical materialism, a formulation never used by Friedrich Engels however.

Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of " an industrial revolution, a revolution which at the same time changed the whole of civil society ".

A description of housing of the mill workers in England in 1844 was given by Friedrich Engels, a co-founder of Marxism.

A vivid description of living standards of the mill workers in England in 1844 was given by Friedrich Engels.

Portrait by Friedrich Engels. Johann Kaspar Schmidt ( October 25, 1806 – June 26, 1856 ), better known as Max Stirner ( the nom de plume he adopted from a schoolyard nickname he had acquired as a child because of his high brow, in German ' Stirn '), was a German philosopher, who ranks as one of the literary fathers of nihilism, existentialism, post-modernism and anarchism, especially of individualist anarchism.

Caricature of Max Stirner taken from a sketch by Friedrich Engels.

He published various books during his lifetime, with the most notable being The Communist Manifesto ( 1848 ) and Capital ( 1867 – 1894 ); some of his works were co-written with his friend and fellow German revolutionary socialist, Friedrich Engels.

It was in Paris that, on 28 August 1844, Marx met German socialist Friedrich Engels at the Café de la Régence after becoming interested in the ideas that the latter had expressed in articles written for the Rheinische Zeitung and the Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher.

Designed to put forward news from across Europe with his own Marxist interpretation of events, Marx remained one of its primary writers, accompanied by other fellow members of the Communist League who wrote for the paper, although despite their input it remained, according to Friedrich Engels, " a simple dictatorship by Marx ", who dominated the choice of content.

Several of his closest friends spoke at his funeral, including Wilhelm Liebknecht and Friedrich Engels.

Non-relatives attending the funeral included three communist associates of Marx: Friedrich Lessner, imprisoned for three years after the Cologne communist trial of 1852 ; G. Lochner, whom Engels described as " an old member of the Communist League "; and Carl Schorlemmer, a professor of chemistry in Manchester, a member of the Royal Society, and a communist activist involved in the 1848 Baden revolution.

It was first proposed by Ludwig von Mises in 1920 and later expounded by Friedrich Hayek.

In the 19th century, The Communist Manifesto ( 1848 ), by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, called for the international political unification of the European working classes in order to achieve a Communist revolution ; and proposed that, because the socio-economic organization of communism was of a higher form than that of capitalism, a workers ’ revolution would first occur in the economically advanced, industrialized countries.

It has been suggested that Friedrich Hayek had earlier proposed a similar idea in his book The Sensory Order: An Inquiry into the Foundations of Theoretical Psychology, published in 1952 ( Herrmann-Pillath, 1992 ).

The 1797 scheme came from the renowned Prussian architect Friedrich David Gilly ( 1772 – 1800 ), who proposed a monument to the former Prussian King, Friedrich II.

The 1775 treatise " The Natural Varieties of Mankind ," by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach proposed five major divisions: the Caucasoid race, Mongoloid race, Ethiopian race ( later termed the Negroid race ), American Indian race, and Malayan race, but he did not propose any hierarchy among the races.

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels proposed that G. F. Hegel had rendered philosophy too abstractly ideal:

In 1849, Friedrich Wilhelm proposed his own constitution.

Based on the work of the Austrian internist Friedrich Kraus ( 1858 – 1936 ), Reich argued that the orgasm is a bioelectrical discharge, and proposed the " orgasm formula ": mechanical tension ( tumescence ) → bioelectrical charge → bioelectrical discharge → mechanical relaxation ( detumescence ).

Accordingly, Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in the first edition of his Manual of Natural History ( 1779 ), proposed that the primates be divided into the Quadrumana ( four-handed, i. e. apes and monkeys ) and Bimana ( two-handed, i. e. humans ).

Friedrich Nietzsche spoke occasionally in favor of something like free love, but when he proposed marriage to that famous practitioner of it, Lou Andreas-Salome, she berated him for being inconsistent with his philosophy of the free and supramoral Superman, a criticism that Nietzsche seems to have taken seriously, or to have at least been stung by.

In the 1950s, Friedrich Hayek proposed that spontaneous order in the brain arose out of decentralized networks of simple units.

The Gaussian gravitational constant ( symbol k ) is an astronomical constant first proposed by German polymath Carl Friedrich Gauss in his 1809 work Theoria motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientum (" Theory of Motion of the Celestial Bodies Moving in Conic Sections around the Sun "), although he had already used the concept to great success in predicting the orbit of Ceres in 1801.

The Frankfurt National Assembly proposed a constitution with Friedrich Wilhelhm of Prussia as monarch of a united federal Germany composed of only ' German ' lands.

Academic activity in Dahlem was supported by Friedrich Althoff, Ministerial Director in the Prussian Ministry of Culture, who initially proposed the foundation of " a German Oxford.

" Similarly, Karl Friedrich Nebenius, later president of the Ducal Ministry in the Grand Duchy of Baden and the author of Baden's 1819 proposed customs initiative with the German Confederation, offered a widely publicized description about the difficulties of surmounting such protections:

Many different models have been proposed throughout the history of quantum mechanics, but the most prominent system of nomenclature spawned from the Hund-Mulliken molecular orbital theory of Friedrich Hund, Robert S. Mulliken, and contributions from Schrödinger, Slater and John Lennard-Jones.

In 1965 the German historian Friedrich Benninghoven proposed Jauniūnai village in Joniškis district, Lithuania as the battle site.

Over the years, he consistently proposed an associated republic political relationship between Puerto Rico and the United States since he wrote his masters thesis on the topic in 1957 for Professor Carl Friedrich at Harvard University.

Bernstorff was proposed as Foreign minister in Friedrich Ebert's Cabinet in 1919, but he refused this post and left diplomatic service.

It was first proposed by Ludwig von Mises in 1920 and later expounded by Friedrich Hayek.

Also five of the six Miltonioides species were occasionally considered as Miltonia until 1983 when Brieger and Lückel proposed this genus for them .< ref >< span style =" font-variant: small-caps "> Brieger, Friedrich G. & Lückel, Emil </ span > ( 1983 ).

In 1983, Brieger and Lueckel, considering that four species of Miltonia, M. candida, M. cuneata, M. kayasimae and M. russelliana, show the junction of the labellum with the column in a different angle than the other species, proposed the genus Anneliesia for them .< ref >< span style =" font-variant: small-caps "> Brieger, Friedrich G. & Lückel, Emil </ span > ( 1983 ).

Within heterodox economics, the paradox was criticized by the Austrian School economist and Nobel Prize winner Friedrich Hayek in a 1929 article, " The ' Paradox ' of Savings ", attacking the paradox as proposed by Foster and Catchings.