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Page "Lambda phage" ¶ 9
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# and DNA
# The nuclear envelope becomes discontinuous and the DNA inside it is fragmented in a process referred to as karyorrhexis.
# DNA wraps around histone proteins forming nucleosomes ; the " beads on a string " structure ( euchromatin ).
# Higher-level DNA packaging of the 30 nm fibre into the metaphase chromosome ( during mitosis and meiosis ).
# Simple and concise definition: Chromatin is DNA plus the proteins ( and RNA ) that package DNA within the cell nucleus.
# A biochemists ’ operational definition: Chromatin is the DNA / protein / RNA complex extracted from eukaryotic lysed interphase nuclei.
# The DNA + histone
# A eukaryotic cell transcribes the DNA ( from genes ) into RNA ( pre-mRNA ).
# A poly-T oligonucleotide primer is hybridized onto the poly-A tail of the mature mRNA template, or random hexamer primers can be added which contain every possible 6 base single strand of DNA and can therefore hybridize anywhere on the RNA ( Reverse transcriptase requires this double-stranded segment as a primer to start its operation.
# To synthesize an additional DNA strand, you need to digest the RNA of the hybrid strand, using an enzyme like RNase H.
# After digestion of the RNA, a single stranded DNA ( ssDNA ) is left and because single stranded nucleic acids are hydrophobic, it tends to loop around itself.
# From the hairpin loop, a DNA polymerase can then use it as a primer to transcribe a complementary sequence for the ss cDNA.
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# The DNA passes through a separate sugar transport protein ( ptsG ) in the inner membrane, and immediately circularises using the cos sites, 12-base G-C rich cohesive " sticky ends ".
# The host cell, containing a dormant phage genome, experiences DNA damage due to a high stress environment, and starts to undergo the SOS response.
# RecA ( a cellular protein ) detects DNA damage and becomes activated.
# Normally RecA * binds LexA ( a transcription repressor ), activating LexA auto-protease activity, which destroys LexA repressor allowing production of DNA repair proteins.
# Cleaved cI can no longer dimerise, and loses its affinity for DNA binding.
# The phage genome is still inserted in the host genome and needs excision for DNA replication to occur.
# C-terminal involved in downregulation of DNA binding of the central domain: residues 356-393.
# Complementary DNA then binds to the U5 ( non-coding region ) and R region ( a direct repeat found at both ends of the RNA molecule ) of the viral RNA
# The primer then ‘ jumps ’ to the 3 ’ end of the viral genome and the newly synthesised DNA strands hybridizes to the complementary R region on the RNA
# The first strand of complementary DNA ( cDNA ) is extended and the majority of viral RNA is degraded by RNAse H

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