This approach was first proposed by the philosopher Edmund Husserl, and later elaborated by other philosophers and scientists.

Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (; April 8, 1859, Proßnitz, Moravia, Austrian Empire – April 26, 1938, Freiburg, Germany ) was a philosopher and mathematician and the founder of the 20th century philosophical school of phenomenology.

Although born into a Jewish family, Husserl was baptized as a Lutheran in 1886.

Husserl was born in 1859 in Prostějov (), a town in the Bohemian province of Moravia, that was then in the Austrian Empire, after 1918 in Czechoslovakia, and since 1993 in the Czech Republic.

Husserl was so impressed by Brentano that he decided to dedicate his life to philosophy ; indeed, Franz Brentano is often credited as being his most important influence, e. g., with regard to intentionality.

This work was well received and became the subject of a seminar given by Wilhelm Dilthey ; Husserl in 1905 traveled to Berlin to visit Dilthey.

In 1912 at Freiburg the journal Jahrbuch für Philosophie und Phänomenologische Forschung was founded by Husserl and his school, which published articles of their phenomenological movement from 1913 to 1930.

On March 8, 1916, on the battlefield of Verdun, Wolfgang Husserl was killed in action.

On April 6 Husserl was suspended from the University of Freiburg by the Badische Ministry of Culture ; the following week he was disallowed any university activities.

Husserl was incorrectly rumoured to have been denied the use of the library at Freiburg as a result of the anti-Jewish legislation the Nazis passed in April 1933.

However, among other disabilities Husserl was unable to publish his works in Nazi Germany ; cf., above footnote to Die Krisis ( 1936 ).

It was also rumoured that his former pupil and Nazi Party member, Martin Heidegger, informed Husserl that he was discharged, but it was actually the former rector.

In the war-time 1941 edition of Heidegger's primary work, Being and Time ( first published in 1927 ), the original dedication to Husserl was removed.

The metaphysical problem of establishing the material reality of what we perceive was of little interest to Husserl in spite of his being a transcendental idealist.

Jacob Klein was one student of Husserl who pursued this line of inquiry, seeking to " desedimentize " mathematics and the mathematical sciences.

Husserl pointed out that the failure of anti-psychologists to defeat psychologism was a result of being unable to distinguish between the foundational, theoretical side of logic, and the applied, practical side.

David Carr of Yale University commented in 1970 on Husserl's following: " It is well known that Husserl was always disappointed at the tendency of his students to go their own way, to embark upon fundamental revisions of phenomenology rather than engage in the communal task " as originally intended by the radical new science.

Heidegger's magnum opus Being and Time was dedicated to Husserl.

He was above all the mediator between Husserl and the students, for he understood extremely well how to deal with other persons, whereas Husserl was pretty much helpless in this respect.

Husserl himself taught philosophy as a Privatdozent at Halle from 1887, then as professor, first at Göttingen from 1901, then at Freiburg from 1916 until he retired in 1928.

Husserl describes here the cultural crisis gripping Europe, then approaches a philosophy of history, discussing Galileo, Descartes, several British philosophers, and Kant.

In an example Husserl explains this in the following way: if you are standing in front of a house, you have a proper, direct presentation of that house, but if you are looking for it and ask for directions, then these directions ( e. g. the house on the corner of this and that street ) are an indirect, improper presentation.

Frege's attack seems to be directed at certain foundational doctrines then current in Weierstrass's Berlin School, of which Husserl and Cantor cannot be said to be orthodox representatives.

Heidegger, while acknowledging his debt to Husserl, followed a political position offensive and harmful to Husserl after the Nazi regime came to power in 1933, Husserl being of Jewish origin and Heidegger infamously being then a Nazi proponent.

Heidegger had by then broken off contact with Husserl, other than through intermediaries.

He then characterizes a number of philosophies that describe and attempt to deal with this feeling of the absurd, by Heidegger, Jaspers, Shestov, Kierkegaard, and Husserl.

Phenomenology began at the start of the 20th century with the descriptive psychology of Franz Brentano ( 1838 – 1917 ), and then the transcendental phenomenology of Edmund Husserl ( 1859 – 1938 ).

The term différance then played a key role in Derrida's engagement with the philosophy of Edmund Husserl in Speech and Phenomena.

He first studied mathematics and philosophy in Lwów under Kazimierz Twardowski, then moved to Göttingen to study philosophy under Edmund Husserl.

From then until 1964 he was an assistant professor in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Tübingen, where, after spending 1965 lecturing at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, he gained his Habilitation in 1966 analyzing the concept of truth in Husserl and Heidegger.

There Husserl also attended Friedrich Paulsen's philosophy lectures.

Although a steadfast proponent of a radical and rational autonomy in all things, Husserl could also speak " about his vocation and even about his mission under God's will to find new ways for philosophy and science ," observes Spiegelberg.

Husserl also identifies a series of " formal words " which are necessary to form sentences and have no sensible correlates.

Husserl also talked about what he called " logic of truth " which consists of the formal laws of possible truth and its modalities, and precedes the third logical third stratum.

Later, in the first volume of his Logical Investigations, the Prolegomena of Pure Logic, Husserl, while attacking the psychologistic point of view in logic and mathematics, also appears to reject much of his early work, although the forms of psychologism analysed and refuted in the Prolegomena did not apply directly to his Philosophy of Arithmetic.

Jean-Paul Sartre was also largely influenced by Husserl, although he later came to disagree with key points in his analyses.

Rudolf Carnap was also influenced by Husserl, not only concerning Husserl's notion of essential insight that Carnap used in his Der Raum, but also his notion of " formation rules " and " transformation rules " is founded on Husserl's philosophy of logic.

The concept is also present in the work of Max Weber, Gilles Deleuze, and Edmund Husserl.

He also read the works of Dilthey, Husserl, and Max Scheler.

Although studying an array of subjects at the school, Foucault's particular interest was soon drawn to philosophy, reading not only the works of Hegel and Marx that he had been exposed to by Hyppolite but also studying the writings of the philosophers Immanuel Kant ( 1724 – 1804 ), Edmund Husserl ( 1859 – 1938 ) and most significantly, Martin Heidegger ( 1889 – 1976 ).

Husserl ), he also brackets out issues of meaning.

* Max Scheler ( 1874 – 1928 ) developed further the phenomenological method of Edmund Husserl and extended it to include also a reduction of the scientific method.

It links to Heidegger and Edmund Husserl through the teaching of Alfred Schutz, who was also Berger's PhD adviser.

However, the concept of holism also played a pivotal role in Spinoza's philosophy and more recently in that of Hegel and Husserl.

He also attended courses at the Universities of Freiburg and Marburg, including some taught by Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger.

Nonetheless, Husserl is also a respected subject of study in the analytic tradition.

* Positively speaking, phenomenologists tend to justify cognition ( and some also evaluation and action ) with reference to what Edmund Husserl called Evidenz, which is awareness of a matter itself as disclosed in the most clear, distinct, and adequate way for something of its kind ;

Transcendental idealism was also adopted as a label by the subsequent German philosophers Fichte and Schelling, Schopenhauer, and in the early 20th century by Husserl.

Descombes has also written an introduction to modern French philosophy ( Le même et l ' autre ) focused on the transition, after 1960, from a focus on the three H's, Hegel, Husserl and Heidegger to the " three masters of suspicion ", Marx, Nietzsche and Freud.

In addition to Brentano, his pupils Anton Marty, Alexius Meinong and Edmund Husserl also considerably influenced Polish philosophy and the Lwów – Warsaw School.

Verstehen also played a role in Edmund Husserl and Alfred Schutz's analysis of the " lifeworld.

Around 1905 many students of Lipps ( captained by Daubert ) decided to abandon Munich and to head for Göttingen, to study with Husserl ( this is also referred to as the Munich invasion of Göttingen ).