* 1865 – American Civil War: The Battle of Sayler's Creek – Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia fights its last major battle while in retreat from Richmond, Virginia.

* 1865 – American Civil War: The Siege of Petersburg is broken – Union troops capture the trenches around Petersburg, Virginia, forcing Confederate General Robert E. Lee to retreat.

* 1865 – American Civil War: Robert E. Lee surrenders the Army of Northern Virginia ( 26, 765 troops ) to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia, effectively ending the war.

* 1865 – American Civil War: A day after his surrender to Union forces, Confederate General Robert E. Lee addresses his troops for the last time.

In 1865 – 66 William Robert Hicks was mayor of Bodmin, when he revived the custom of Beating the bounds of the town.

* 1865 – American Civil War: Confederate General Robert E. Lee becomes general-in-chief.

* 1805 – Robert FitzRoy, English navy officer and meteorologist ( d. 1865 )

* 1865 – Robert W. Chambers, American artist ( d. 1933 )

* 1865 – American Civil War: Battle of Palmito Ranch – in far south Texas, more than a month after Confederate General Robert E. Lee's surrender, the last land battle of the Civil War ends with a Confederate victory.

* 1865 – American Civil War: Federal forces under Major General Philip Sheridan move to flank Confederate forces under Robert E. Lee as the Appomattox Campaign begins.

* Rafuse, Ethan S. Robert E. Lee and the Fall of the Confederacy, 1863 – 1865 ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search

* 1865: In George MacDonald's novel Alec Forbes of Howglen, the character Annie Anderson is raised by her stingy relative Robert Bruce.

In 1975, Robert E. Lee's citizenship was restored by a joint congressional resolution, retroactive to June 13, 1865.

* July 12 – Robert Henri, American painter ( b. 1865 )

* December 16 – Robert W. Chambers, American writer ( b. 1865 )

His eldest son Sir Robert Peel, 3rd Baronet, served as Chief Secretary for Ireland from 1861 to 1865.

In June 1865, three months after Robert E. Lee ’ s surrender at Appomattox, General W. T. Sherman was given his first postwar command, originally called the Military Division of the Mississippi and later the Military Division of the Missouri.

On June 25, 1865, two months after Robert E. Lee surrendered at Appomattox, Stand Watie became the last Confederate General to stand down.

* Hugh Denison ( 1865 – 1940 ), Australian businessman, born Hugh Robert Dixson.

The High Bridge played a key role during Confederate General Robert E. Lee's final retreat from Petersburg to Appomattox Courthouse, where the surrender to Union General Ulysses S. Grant took place in April, 1865.

* Appomattox Courthouse: The site of the Battle of Appomattox Court House, where the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant took place on April 9, 1865, effectively ending the American Civil War.

This was the first in several attempts by the Union General Ulysses S. Grant to cut Robert E. Lee's final supply line — the South Side Railroad — in the spring 1865.

On April 9, 1865, Confederate General Robert E. Lee met with Union General Ulysses S. Grant at the village of Appomattox Court House.

During the Civil War General Robert E. Lee and his Army spent April 4 and 5, 1865 at Amelia Courthouse before his surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox.

( c ) Ligeantia localis, by operation of law, when a friendly alien enters the country, because so long as they are in the country they are within the Sovereign's protection, therefore they owe the Sovereign a local obedience or allegiance ( R v Cowle ( 1759 ) 2 Burr 834 ; Low v Routledge ( 1865 ) 1 Ch App 42 ; Re Johnson, Roberts v Attorney-General 1 Ch 821 ; Tingley v Muller 2 Ch 144 ; Rodriguez v Speyer AC 59 ; Johnstone v Pedlar 2 AC 262 ; R v Tucker ( 1694 ) Show Parl Cas 186 ; R v Keyn ( 1876 ) 2 Ex D 63 ; Re Stepney Election Petn, Isaacson v Durant ( 1886 ) 17 QBD 54 );

He was the author of The Gaberlunzie's Wallet ( 1843 ), Miller of Deanhaugh ( 1845 ), Poems ( 1856 ), 100 Songs with Music ( 1865 ), and a Life of David Roberts, R. A. ( 1866 ).

In 1865 the ' Rules of the Eglinton Castle and Cassiobury Croquet ' was published by Edmund Routledge.

In 1865 Kekulé published a paper in French ( for he was then still in Francophone Belgium ) suggesting that the structure contained a six-membered ring of carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds.

Major works of history were published in 1847 and 1865.

The idea of particulate inheritance of genes can be attributed to the Moravian monk Gregor Mendel who published his work on pea plants in 1865.

Typically used to refer to a living organism, the concept came from that of milieu intérieur that was created by Claude Bernard and published in 1865.

Claude Bernard aimed at establishing scientific method in medicine ; he published An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine in 1865.

* 1865 – Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is published.

This theoretical framework was initially derived from the work of Gregor Johann Mendel published in 1865 and 1866 which was re-discovered in 1900 ; it was initially very controversial.

He described these principles in a two-part paper, Experiments on Plant Hybridization, that he read to the Natural History Society of Brno on February 8 and March 8, 1865, and which was published in 1866.

This highly inventive, blackly humorous tale, told entirely in rhymed couplets, was written and illustrated by Wilhelm Busch and published in 1865.

* 1865 – Mark Twain's short story The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County is published in the New York Saturday Press.

The proprietor of the latter, Benjamin Grant, also published the St Helena Advertiser ( 1865 – 1866 ).

" old stone ," coined by archaeologist John Lubbock and published in 1865 ) is the earliest division of the Stone Age.

In 1875, Frederick Hazleton's c. 1865 dramatic adaptation Sweeney Todd, the Barber of Fleet Street: or the String of Pearls ( see below ) was published as Vol 102 of Lacy's Acting Edition of Plays.

Jules Verne, in From the Earth to the Moon, published in 1865, wrote " there will some day appear velocities far greater than these the planets and the projectile, of which light or electricity will probably be the mechanical agent ... we shall one day travel to the moon, the planets, and the stars.

* Online E-book of Arte de la Lengua Tagala y Manual Tagalog by Sebastián de Totanes published in Binondo, Manila in 1865.

; 1865: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is published.

Between 1861 and 1865, James Clerk Maxwell developed and published Maxwell's equations which explained and united all of classical electricity and magnetism.

These texts were followed by the 1844 work, A General View of Positivism ( published in English in 1865 ).

The French adaptation of the libretto was published in 1865.

One of his first picture stories, Max and Moritz ( published in 1865 ), was an immediate success and has achieved the status of a popular classic and perennial bestseller.

Famous illustrators for British editions include: Arthur Boyd Houghton, John Tenniel, John Everett Millais and George John Pinwell for Dalziel's Illustrated Arabian Nights Entertainments, published in 1865 ; Walter Crane for Aladdin's Picture Book ( 1876 ); Albert Letchford for the 1897 edition of Burton ’ s translation ; Edmund Dulac for Stories from the Arabian Nights ( 1907 ), Princess Badoura ( 1913 ) and Sindbad the Sailor & Other Tales from the Arabian Nights ( 1914 ).

Alice was published in 1865, three years after the Reverend Charles Lutwidge Dodgson and the Reverend Robinson Duckworth rowed in a boat, on 4 July 1862, up the Isis with the three young daughters of Henry Liddell ( the Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University and Dean of Christ Church ): Lorina Charlotte Liddell ( aged 13, born 1849 ) (" Prima " in the book's prefatory verse ); Alice Pleasance Liddell ( aged 10, born 1852 ) (" Secunda " in the prefatory verse ); Edith Mary Liddell ( aged 8, born 1853 ) (" Tertia " in the prefatory verse ).

Although Gregor Mendel had published his article on the genetics of peas in 1865, Mendel's paper was largely forgotten for more than a generation – not rediscovered by other scientists until 1899.