By contrast, in civil law jurisdictions ( the legal tradition that prevails in, or is combined with common law in, Europe and most non-Islamic, non-common law countries ), courts lack authority to act where there is no statute, and judicial precedent is given less interpretive weight ( which means that a judge deciding a given case has more freedom to interpret the text of a statute independently, and less predictably ), and scholarly literature is given more.

In contrast, institutions and courts have upheld discrimination against whites when it is done to promote a diverse work or educational environment, even when it was shown to be to the detriment of qualified applicants.

In contrast to the Supreme Court, which was established by Article III of the Constitution, the district courts were established by Congress.

In contrast to the other courts of England the law used in ecclesiastical matters is at least partially a civil law system, not common law, although heavily governed by parliamentary statutes.

In contrast, in courts not of record, oral proceedings are not recorded, and the judge makes his or her decision based on memory.

In contrast, the procedure in courts is much less flexible, and there are normally strict rules of evidence to be followed.

In contrast to these claims, evidence exists that Irish courts routinely sent women convicted of petty crimes to the laundries, the government awarded lucrative contracts to the laundries without any insistence on protection and fair treatment of its workers, and Irish state employees helped to keep laundry facilities stocked with workers by bringing women to the laundries and returning escaped workers.

In contrast to Europe, however, the government cannot display religious symbols ( such as the cross ) in public schools, courts and other government offices, although some exceptions are made ( e. g. recognition of a cultural group's religious holiday ).

In contrast, the lower Spanish courts use ordinary ropes to bundle documents as their cases are not supposed to be heard at higher levels.

In contrast, SDP aims to protect individuals against majoritarian policy enactments which exceed the limits of governmental authority — that is, courts find the majority's enactment is not law, and cannot be enforced as such, regardless of how fair the process of enforcement actually is.

Critics argued that the United Kingdom was obligated to make a strong prima facie case to US courts before extradition would be granted, and that, by contrast, extradition from the United Kingdom to the United States was a matter of administrative decision alone, without prima facie evidence.

A clear distinction between " dominion " and " suzerainty " was supplied by the jurisdiction of the courts of law: the law of British India rested upon the legislation enacted by the British Parliament, and the legislative powers those laws vested in the various governments of British India, both central and local ; in contrast, the courts of the Princely States existed under the authority of the respective rulers of those states.

This is in contrast with a contract, which is a promise that courts will enforce.

In contrast with the Dáil government of 1919 – 1922, which had a cabinet, a police force, a courts system etc., the Provisional Government of April 1916 does not appear ever to have operated as such.

The decisions of the courts martial can be appealed to the Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada which, in contrast, exists outside the military and is made up of civilian judges.

In contrast, the U. S. state of New York is known for its permissive filing system, which was modified in 1992 but still largely operates in its traditional form in certain lower courts.

This is in sharp contrast to England and Wales where magistrates courts mainly consist of benches of three lay justices and there are only a minority of paid district judges ( magistrates courts ).

" Fasti dies were the days on which business might be transacted without impiety, in contrast to dies nefasti, days on which assemblies and courts could not convene.

The Court became increasingly popular due to the lack of cost in bringing a case to it and the speed at which it processed them, in contrast with the slow and expensive common law courts, arousing the ire of common law lawyers and judges.

Federal procedure also requires parties to divulge certain information without a formal discovery request, in contrast to many state courts where most discovery can only be had by request.

In contrast, the United States Supreme Court has effectively barred the creation of federal common law in areas traditionally under the authority of state courts.

In contrast, the California Evidence Code, from which the original proposal had been drawn, had expressly codified all evidentiary privileges, so that any further privileges in state courts would have to come from the California State Legislature.

A contrast of the scripture reading of, let us say, St. Augustine, John Bunyan, and Thomas Jefferson, all three of whom found in such study a real source of enlightenment, can tell us a great deal about these three men and the age that each represented and helped bring to conscious expression.

It can be seen too that when we contrast levels of compulsivity within the structured schools, the high compulsive children do better ( Af ).

The interaction effect, which is significant at the level, can be seen best in the contrast of mean scores.

But the use of stress in comparison and contrast, for example, can undermine distinctions such as these.

In contrast to " rhizopods ", where most of their morphologies can be mapped to modern classification systems, " actinopods " appear to be extensively polyphyletic.

In the hands of a skilled composer or arranger, the natural harmonics can be used to haunting melancholy effect or, by contrast, to create a charming pastoral flavor, as in the lilting " Ranz des Vaches " and works by Brahms, Rossini, and Britten cited below.

Machiavelli goes on to reason that Agathocles ' success, in contrast to other criminal tyrants, was due to his ability to mitigate his crimes by limiting them to those that " are applied at one blow and are necessary to one's security, and that are not persisted in afterwards unless they can be turned to the advantage of the subjects ".

By contrast, while defendants in most civil law systems can be compelled to give a statement, this statement is not subject to cross-examination by the prosecutor and not given under oath.

An important weakness of abatis, in contrast to barbed wire, is that it can be destroyed by fire.

In contrast, Jains agree with Hindus that violence in self-defense can be justified, and they agree that a soldier who kills enemies in combat is performing a legitimate duty.

Within 4 – 5 days the inflammation and the concomitant dead brain tissue are surrounded with a capsule, which gives the lesion the famous ring-enhancing lesion appearance on CT examination with contrast ( since intravenously applied contrast material can not pass through the capsule, it is collected around the lesion and looks as a ring surrounding the relatively dark lesion ).

In contrast to philosophical definitions, an operational definition can be tested experimentally, and is useful for current research.

By contrast, several countries can also use the same currency ( for example, the euro ), or one country can declare the currency of another country to be legal tender.

In contrast, coma resulting from a severe traumatic brain injury or subarachnoid hemorrhage can be instantaneous.

The term denumerable can also be used to mean countably infinite, or countable, in contrast with the term nondenumerable.

In contrast, audio codecs for recording or broadcast can use high-latency audio compression techniques to achieve higher fidelity at a lower bit-rate.

In contrast, modern control theory is carried out in the state space, and can deal with multi-input and multi-output ( MIMO ) systems.

Some people contrast content-control with censoring, claiming that limiting the content one can view is similar to how dictatorships limit the content its citizens can view in order to promote one idea.

In contrast, Chapter 7 governs the process of a liquidation bankruptcy ( although liquidation can go under this chapter ), while Chapter 13 provides a reorganization process for the majority of private individuals.

One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes is that eukaryotic genes can contain introns ( intervening DNA sequences ) which are not coding sequences, in contrast with exons, which are DNA coding sequences.

In contrast, an instance of this problem is a rather concrete utterance, which can serve as the input for a decision problem.

In contrast to the static levels of Wolfenstein 3D, those in Doom are highly dynamic: platforms can lower and rise, floors can rise sequentially to form staircases, and bridges can rise and fall.