In algorithmic information theory ( a subfield of computer science ), the Kolmogorov complexity of an object, such as a piece of text, is a measure of the computational resources needed to specify the object.

Algorithmic information theory is the area of computer science that studies Kolmogorov complexity and other complexity measures on strings ( or other data structures ).

In the 1970s, Abraham Moles and Frieder Nake were among the first to analyze links between aesthetics, information processing, and information theory.

This is closely related to the principles of algorithmic information theory and minimum description length.

This was based on lack of intelligence information and reflected the American nuclear warfare theory and military doctrines.

In information theory, one bit is typically defined as the uncertainty of a binary random variable that is 0 or 1 with equal probability, or the information that is gained when the value of such a variable becomes known.

Researchers at Bell developed radio astronomy, the transistor, the laser, information theory, the UNIX operating system, the C programming language and the C ++ programming language.

Bandwidth in hertz is a central concept in many fields, including electronics, information theory, digital communications, radio communications, signal processing, and spectroscopy.

Bioinformatics also deals with algorithms, databases and information systems, web technologies, artificial intelligence and soft computing, information and computation theory, structural biology, software engineering, data mining, image processing, modeling and simulation, discrete mathematics, control and system theory, circuit theory, and statistics.

The cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, that all cells come from preexisting cells, that vital functions of an organism occur within cells, and that all cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells.

processes that describe and transform information: their theory, analysis, design, efficiency, implementation, and application.

In information theory and computer science, a code is usually considered as an algorithm which uniquely represents symbols from some source alphabet, by encoded strings, which may be in some other target alphabet.

Claude Shannon proved, using information theory considerations, that any theoretically unbreakable cipher must have keys which are at least as long as the plaintext, and used only once: one-time pad.

These measurements are expected to provide further confirmation of the theory as well as information about cosmic inflation, and the so-called secondary anisotropies, such as the Sunyaev-Zel ' dovich effect and Sachs-Wolfe effect, which are caused by interaction between galaxies and clusters with the cosmic microwave background.

Shannon's work on information theory showed that to achieve so called perfect secrecy, it is necessary for the key length to be at least as large as the message to be transmitted and only used once ( this algorithm is called the One-time pad ).

This is totally spurious, since no matter who measured first the other will measure the opposite spin despite the fact that ( in theory ) the other has a 50 % ' probability ' ( 50: 50 chance ) of measuring the same spin, unless data about the first spin measurement has somehow passed faster than light ( of course TI gets around the light speed limit by having information travel backwards in time instead ).

* Algorithmic information theory

Lossless compression of digitized data such as video, digitized film, and audio preserves all the information, but can rarely do much better than 1: 2 compression because of the intrinsic entropy of the data.

* Dit or digit, synonym of Ban ( information ), a unit of information entropy

This is the basis of the modern microscopic interpretation of entropy in statistical mechanics, where entropy is defined as the amount of additional information needed to specify the exact physical state of a system, given its thermodynamic specification.

Entropy, if considered as information ( see information entropy ), is measured in bits.

A key measure of information is known as entropy, which is usually expressed by the average number of bits needed to store or communicate one symbol in a message.

For example, specifying the outcome of a fair coin flip ( two equally likely outcomes ) provides less information ( lower entropy ) than specifying the outcome from a roll of a ( six equally likely outcomes ).

Connections between information-theoretic entropy and thermodynamic entropy, including the important contributions by Rolf Landauer in the 1960s, are explored in Entropy in thermodynamics and information theory.

* the information entropy and redundancy of a source, and its relevance through the source coding theorem ;

The most important quantities of information are entropy, the information in a random variable, and mutual information, the amount of information in common between two random variables.

The choice of logarithmic base in the following formulae determines the unit of information entropy that is used.

The special case of information entropy for a random variable with two outcomes is the binary entropy function, usually taken to the logarithmic base 2:

The Kullback – Leibler divergence ( or information divergence, information gain, or relative entropy ) is a way of comparing two distributions: a " true " probability distribution p ( X ), and an arbitrary probability distribution q ( X ).

Other important information theoretic quantities include Rényi entropy ( a generalization of entropy ), differential entropy ( a generalization of quantities of information to continuous distributions ), and the conditional mutual information.

Great stress is placed on the role that the monitoring of information sending plays in maintaining the effectiveness of the network.

The information is furnished by each of the guests, is sent by oral broadcasting over the air waves, and is received by the ears.

A point like p gets information directly from n, but all information beyond n is indirectly relayed through n.

In the latter research program, information is available for 2,758 Cornell students surveyed in 1950 and for 1,571 students surveyed in 1952.

And to do this requires first of all the kind of information about people which is provided by the scientists in industrial anthropology and consumer research, who, for example, tell Courtenay that three days is the `` optimum priming period for a closed social circuit to be triggered with a catalytic cue-phrase '' -- which means that an effective propaganda technique is to send an idea into circulation and then three days later reinforce or undermine it.

Any information we have here in Taiwan is at your disposal ''.

The objective should be to provide a method of getting into print a higher percentage than is now possible of the relevant information in the possession of reporters and editors.

Economic information is made available to businessmen and economists promptly through the monthly Survey Of Current Business and its weekly supplement.

Since the validity of all subsequent planning depends on the accuracy of the basic inventory information, great care is being taken that the inventory is as complete as possible.

The collection of information is meaningless unless it is understood and used for a definite purpose.

The Secretary of the Interior or any duly authorized representative shall be entitled to admission to, and to require reports from the operator of, any metal or nonmetallic mine which is in a State ( excluding any coal or lignite mine ), the products of which regularly enter commerce or the operations of which substantially affect commerce, for the purpose of gathering data and information necessary for the study authorized in the first section of this Act.

A low-power, `` carrier-current '' broadcasting station, KARL, heard only in the campus dormitories, is owned and operated by the students to provide an outlet for student dramatic, musical, literary, technical, and other talents, and to furnish information, music, and entertainment for campus listeners.

Be sure that this information is reasonably official and not just an unfounded opinion.

There is the free intra-city `` rent it here, leave it there '' service, as an example, the free delivery and collection at the airport, dockside or your hotel, luggage racks, touring documents and information and other similar services.

Of the remaining planets, only Mars and Saturn have been observed as radio sources, and not very much information is available.

Other than this very significant result, most of the information now available about the radio emission of the planets is restricted to the intensity of the radiation.

The concept of the strain energy as a Gibbs function difference Af and exerting a force normal to the shearing face is compatible with the information obtained from optical birefringence studies of fluids undergoing shear.

The information provided by the electron paramagnetic effects is then discussed, and finally the nuclear effects are interpreted in terms of various motional-modified models of the Af bond in Af.