The Norse discovery was documented in the 13th century Icelandic Sagas and was corroborated by recent L ' Anse aux Meadows archeological evidence.

Earlier than 900 CE progressing past the 13th century, the population complexes were a major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples.

In marked contrast to earlier constructions and villages on top of the mesas, the cliff dwellings at Mesa Verde reflected a region-wide trend towards the aggregation of growing regional populations into close, highly defensible quarters during the 13th century.

Near Kayenta, Arizona, Jonathan Haas of the Field Museum in Chicago has been studying a group of Ancient Pueblo villages that relocated from the canyons to the high mesa tops during the late 13th century.

He asserts that isolated communities relied on raiding for food and supplies, and that internal conflict and warfare became common in the 13th century.

In the 13th century, Ibn al-Nafis wrote his own novel Fadil ibn Natiq, known as Theologus Autodidactus in the West, as a critical response to Hayy ibn Yaqdhan.

When the great reform of the 11th century had put an end to the direct jurisdiction of the lay abbots, the honorary title of abbot continued to be held by certain of the great feudal families, as late as the 13th century and later, the actual head of the community retaining that of dean.

These ideas were found in a number of Kabbalistic works from the 13th century, and also among many mystics in the late 16th century.

The primary sources regarding Asgard come from the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Icelandic Snorri Sturluson, and the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from a basis of much older Skaldic poetry.

Snorri's interpretation of the 13th century foreshadows 20th century views of Indo-European migration from the east.

* Wikisource: Prose Edda / Gylfaginning ( The Fooling Of Gylfe ) by Sturluson, Snorri, 13th century Edda, in English.

The pair are attested in both the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson.

His family, like many Wallaces, claimed a connection to William Wallace, a Scottish patriot and leader during the Wars of Scottish Independence in the 13th century.

Active contact between the Wajin ( the ethnically Japanese ) and the Ainu of Ezochi ( now known as Hokkaido ) began in the 13th century.

A rare High Medieval image of Alfred, 13th century

Dante Alighieri, in the Divine Comedy, recounts that he saw Alfonso's spirit seated outside the gates of Purgatory with the other monarchs whom Dante blamed for the chaotic political state of Europe during the 13th century.

A similar Islamic theological novel, Theologus Autodidactus, was written by the Arab theologian and physician Ibn al-Nafis in the 13th century.

** 13th Demi-Brigade of the Foreign Legion ( 13 DBLE ), based in United Arab Emirates, formerly in Africa ( Djibouti ).

Islam came to the Malay Archipelago via Arab and Indian traders in the 13th century, ending the age of Hinduism and Buddhism.

Beginning slowly through contacts with Berber and Arab merchants engaged in the important caravan trades and rapidly advancing through the Almoravid conquests, Islamization did not take firm hold until the arrival of Yemeni Arabs in the 12th and 13th centuries and was not complete until several centuries later.

Islam first spread to the region during the 13th century through Arab traders from present-day Malaysia and Indonesia.

Haifa ( or Haifah ) is mentioned by the mid-11th century Persian chronicler Nasir Khusraw, and the 12th and 13th century Arab chroniclers, Muhammad al-Idrisi and Yaqut al-Hamawi.

The 13th century Arab historian Abu al-Fida describes the city as being in ruins.

Elements of Ibn Fadlan's account are used in the novel Eaters of the Dead by Michael Crichton ( adapted to film in The 13th Warrior with Antonio Banderas as Ibn Fadlan ), in which the Arab ambassador is taken even further north and is involved in adventures inspired by the Old English epic Beowulf.

The first reliable reference to cauliflower is found in the writings of the Arab Muslim scientists Ibn al -' Awwam and Ibn al-Baitar, in the 12th and 13th centuries.

* The Arab Agricultural Revolution ( 8th – 13th centuries ), a term coined by the historian Andrew Watson postulating a fundamental transformation in agriculture arising from the diffusion of crops through the Islamic world

The Islamic Caliphate, or Arab Empire, became the dominant naval power in the Mediterranean Sea from the 7th to 13th centuries, during what is known as the Islamic Golden Age.

The Crusaders established a fortress named Casal Humberti there in 1099 and there are descriptions of it and the village of az-Zeeb by Arab chroniclers in the 12th and 13th centuries, just prior to and during the rule of the Mamluks in the region.

A version called لقمة القاضي luqmat al-qadi ( judge's mouthful ) was described by al-Baghdadi in the 13th century and is made in Arab countries to this day.

In 1898 the French painter Étienne Dinet published his translation of a 13th century epic Arab poem Antar which brought Antar bin Shaddad to European notice.

* The Arab Agricultural Revolution ( 8th – 13th centuries ), a term coined by the historian Andrew Watson postulating a fundamental transformation in agriculture arising from the diffusion of crops through the Islamic world

The following extract is from “ Wonders of Things Created, and marvels of Things Existing ” by Zakariya al-Qazwini, a 13th century Arab geographer.

The partially intact Baños árabes (" Arab baths ") are found below the city and date back to the 13th and 14th centuries.

In 651 an Arab army invaded, but it was repulsed and a treaty known as the baqt was signed creating a relative peace between the two sides that lasted until the 13th century.

Later such document for money transfer used by Arab merchants, who had used the prototypes of bills of exchange – suftadja and hawala in 10 – 13th centuries, then such prototypes had used by Italian merchants in the 12th century.

Islam arrived to the region of Bengal since the 13th century, mainly by the arrivals of Arab traders, Persian Saints and conquests of the region.

El-Sana was first elected to the 13th Knesset in 1992 on behalf of the Arab Democratic Party.

These factors helped establish the Arab Empire ( including the Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid and Fatimid caliphates ) as the world's leading extensive economic power throughout the 7th – 13th centuries.

In one version, the colours were chosen by the Arab nationalist ' Literary Club ' in Constantinople in 1909, based on the words of the 13th century Arab poet Safi a-Din al-Hili:

According to Matthew Paris, the 13th century chronicler of St Albans Abbey, Abbot Ulsinus ( Wulsin ) founded three churches in 948, reputedly to tend to the physical and spiritual needs of the growing number of pilgrims to Alban's shrine: St Peter's, St Stephen's and St Michael's.

According to the late 13th century chronicler Martin of Opava, Stephen VIII was described as being a German, who was elected pope due to the power and influence of his royal relative, the German king Otto I. Martin states that Otto ignored the will of the cardinals in imposing Stephen upon them, and because Stephen was hated for being a German, he was taken by supporters of Alberic II, who proceeded to maim and disfigure him to such an extent that Stephen was unable to appear in public again.

During the 13th century a French chronicler who travelled through Calabria stated that “ the peasants of Calabria spoke nothing but Greek ”.

The style of this structure is unknown ; the 13th century chronicler Matthew Paris ( see below ) claimed that the Saxons destroyed the building in 586.

Roger of Wendover ( died 6 May 1236 ), probably a native of Wendover in Buckinghamshire, was an English chronicler of the 13th century.

* Gilles Li Muisis, French chronicler and poet ( 13th century )

Around the same time, 13th century chronicler Matthew Paris wrote of the monks of St Albans Abbey " according to their custom, lived upon pasties of flesh-meat ".

For example, the council is mentioned by the 13th century chronicler Theodore Skoutariotes, who quotes now-lost contemporary works.

The Arabian chronicler, Ibn Battuta, writing on the Riau islands in the 13th century states: " Here there are little islands, from which armed black pirates with poised arrows emerged, possessing armed warships ; they plunder people but do not enslave them.

* Aubrey de Troisfontaines ( died c. 1250 ), French chronicler of the 13th century

Martin of Opava, also known as Martin of Poland, was a 13th century chronicler.

1252 ), 13th century Cistercian chronicler

Its legendary rulers Krakus and Princess Wanda, who are said to have lived in the 7th and 8th centuries, are mentioned by the 13th century chronicler Wincenty Kadłubek.

* Pierre de Langtoft, an English historian and chronicler of the 13th century

Salimbene di Adam, O. F. M., ( or Salimbene of Parma ) ( 9 October 1221 – c. 1290 ) was an Italian Franciscan friar and chronicler who is a source for Italian history of the 13th century.