His mother was Sophia, daughter of Casimir IV Jagiellon, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, and his wife Elisabeth of Austria.

Alexander was born as son of the King Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland and Elisabeth Habsburg of Hungary, daughter of the King Albert of Hungary.

The Battle of Berestechko (; ) was fought between the Ukrainian Cossacks, led by Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, aided by their Crimean Tatar allies, and a Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth army under King John II Casimir.

The Polish infantry centre, under the personal command of King John Casimir, advanced slowly forward.

As the battle ended, King John Casimir made the error of not pressing even harder the pursuit of the fleeing Cossacks.

Casimir III the Great () ( 30 April 1310 – 5 November 1370 ) who reigned in 1333 – 1370, was the last King of Poland from the Piast dynasty, the son of King Władysław I the Elbow-high and Duchess Hedwig of Kalisz.

When Casimir, the last Piast king of Poland, died in 1370, his nephew King Louis I of Hungary succeeded him to become king of Poland in personal union with Hungary.

He was slated to become the heir, but did not succeed to the throne, dying childless in 1377, 7 years after King Casimir.

He was the only male descendant of King Casimir who lived during his lifetime.

King Casimir was favorably disposed toward Jews.

Although Jews had lived in Poland since before the reign of King Casimir, he allowed them to settle in Poland in great numbers and protected them as people of the king.

King Casimir continued living with Christine despite complaints by Pope Innocent VI on behalf of Queen Adelaide.

For assistance against the Order, the Confederation asked for help from King Casimir IV of Poland ; Casimir's subsequent claiming of Prussia led to the Thirteen Years ' War.

On 14 February 1479 at Frankfurt ( Oder ) he was married to Sophia of Poland ( 6 April 1464-5 October 1512 ), daughter of King Casimir IV of Poland by his wife Elisabeth of Habsburg, and sister of King Sigismund I of Poland.

George was married at Dresden, on 21 November 1496, to Barbara Jagiellon, daughter of Casimir IV, King of Poland and Elisabeth, daughter of Albrecht II of Hungary.

In the Baltic Sea region, Poland's struggle with the Teutonic Knights continued and included the Battle of Grunwald ( German: Battle of Tannenberg ; Lithuanian: Battle of Žalgiris ) ( 1410 ) and in 1466 the milestone Peace of Thorn under King Casimir IV Jagiellon ; the treaty created the future Duchy of Prussia.

* Hedwig of Kalisz ( 1266 – 1339 ), wife of the King Władysław I the Elbow-high and mother of Casimir III of Poland and Elisabeth of Poland.

* Hedwig Jagiellon ( 1457 – 1502 ), daughter of the King Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland and Elisabeth Habsburg of Hungary.

Among them were Boleslaw IV the Curly, Mieszko III the Old, Casimir II the Just, Leszek I the White, Boleslaw V the Chaste, Leszek II the Black, Wladyslaw I the Elbow-high, and King of Bohemia, Wenceslaus II of Bohemia, who united Lesser Poland in 1290 / 1291.

* 1454 – Thirteen Years ' War: Delegates of the Prussian Confederation pledge allegiance to King Casimir IV of Poland who agrees to commit his forces in aiding the Confederation's struggle for independence from the Teutonic Knights.

* 1609 – King John II Casimir of Poland ( d. 1672 )

* 1370 – King Casimir III the Great of Poland ( b. 1310 )

* 1770 – James Cook names and lands on Possession Island, Queensland and claims the east coast of Australia as New South Wales in the name of King George III.

* 1457 BC – Likely date of the Battle of Megiddo between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Kadesh, the first battle to have been recorded in what is accepted as relatively reliable detail.

* 1772 – Gustav III of Sweden stages a coup d ' état, in which he assumes power and enacts a new constitution that divides power between the Riksdag and the King.

* 1331 – King Stephen Uroš III, after months of anarchy, surrenders to his son and rival Stephen Dušan, who succeeds as King of Serbia.

* 1772 – King Gustav III completes his coup d ' état by adopting a new Constitution, ending half a century of parliamentary rule in Sweden and installing himself as an enlightened despot.

In 1137 Conrad III, the Hohenstaufen King of the Germans, deprived Albert's cousin and nemesis, Henry the Proud of his Saxon duchy, which was awarded to Albert if he could take it.

His only legitimate child and son, by his second wife, Alexander III succeeded him as King of Scots.

Alexander III ( Medieval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Alaxandair ; Modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Alasdair ) ( 4 September 1241 – 19 March 1286 ) was King of Scots from 1249 to his death.

Alexander had married Princess Margaret of England, a daughter of King Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence, on 26 December 1251.

The name's popularity was spread throughout the Greek world by the military conquests of King Alexander III, commonly known as " Alexander the Great ".

* Alexander the Great ( Alexander III of Macedon ), King of Macedon, 356 – 323 BC

During this time, Alexios was rumored to be the lover of Empress Maria of Alania, the daughter of King Bagrat IV of Georgia, who had been successively married to Michael VII Doukas and his successor Nikephoros III Botaneiates, renowned for her beauty.

During Alexius II's reign, the Byzantine Empire was invaded by King Bela III losing Syrmia and Bosnia to the Kingdom of Hungary in AD 1181, later even Dalmatia was lost to the Venetians.

* 1775 – American Revolutionary War: King George III delivers his Proclamation of Rebellion to the Court of St. James's stating that the American colonies have proceeded to a state of open and avowed rebellion.

* 1796 – The Armistice of Cherasco is signed by Napoleon Bonaparte and Vittorio Amedeo III, the King of Sardinia, expanding French territory along the Mediterranean coast.

In the papal bull Manifestis Probatum, Pope Alexander III acknowledged Afonso as King and Portugal as an independent crown with the right to conquer lands from the Moors.

Alfonso III ( 1265, Valencia – 18 June 1291 AD ), called the Liberal ( el Liberal ) or the Free ( also " the Frank ," from el Franc ), was the King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona ( as Alfons II ) from 1285.

Alfonso IV, called the Kind ( also the Gentle or the Nice, ) ( 1299, Naples – 24 January 1336 ) was the King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona ( as Alfonso III ) from 1327 to his death.

He also married a Greek princess named Ladice daughter of King Battus III and made alliances with Polycrates of Samos and Croesus of Lydia.

Alfonso the Magnanimous KG ( also Alphonso ; ; 1396 – 27 June 1458 ) was the King of Aragon ( as Alfonso V ), Valencia ( as Alfonso III ), Majorca, Sardinia and Corsica ( as Alfonso II ), and Sicily and Count of Barcelona ( as Alfonso IV ) from 1416 and King of Naples ( as Alfonso I ) from 1442 until his death.

He was the younger son of King Béla III of Hungary, who invested him with the government of the Principality of Halych.

Andrew was the second son of King Béla III and his first wife, Agnes of Antioch.

Nevertheless, when Prince Vladimir II Yaroslavich of Halych, who had been expelled from his country by his subjects, fled to Hungary seeking for assistance in 1188, King Béla III had him arrested and occupied his principality and he invested Andrew with Halych.