Ligands may also bind elsewhere, however, as is the case for bulkier ligands ( e. g., proteins or large peptides ), which instead interact with the extracellular loops, or, as illustrated by the class C metabotropic glutamate receptors ( mGluRs ), the N-terminal tail.

* Ligands for interaction with lipoprotein receptors in tissues ( apoB100 and apoE for LDL-receptors, apoA-I for HDL receptors )

Ligands are generally bound to the central atom by a coordinate covalent bond ( donating electrons from a lone electron pair into an empty metal orbital ), and are said to be coordinated to the atom.

Ligands can either have non-cooperativity, positive cooperativity or negative cooperativity.

Ligands that activate the non-canonical pathways are Wnt4, Wnt5a, and Wnt11.

Ligands may interact with DNA by covalently binding, electrostatically binding, or intercalating.

* Synthesis and Activity of Dafachronic Acid Ligands for the C. elegans DAF-12 Nuclear Hormone Receptor

Ligands that span the faces or edges of the M6 core are labeled L < sub > i </ sub >, for innen, and those ligands attached only to one metal are labeled L < sub > a </ sub >, for ausser.

Ligands for P-selectin on eosinophils and neutrophils are similar sialylated, protease-sensitive, endo-beta-galactosidase-resistant structures, clearly different than those reported for E-selectin, and suggest disparate roles for P-selectin and E-selectin during recruitment during inflammatory responses.

They were commonly classified on a spectrum of low potency to high potency, where potency referred to the ability of the drug to bind to dopamine receptors, and not to the effectiveness of the drug.

Calcitonin is produced by parafollicular cells in the thyroid gland, and can bind to receptors on osteoclasts to directly inhibit osteoclast activity.

These receptors may bind attractants or repellents directly or indirectly through interaction with proteins of periplasmatic space.

Mammalian steroid hormones can be grouped into five groups by the receptors to which they bind: glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, androgens, estrogens, and progestagens.

The ligands that bind and activate these receptors include light-sensitive compounds, odors, pheromones, hormones, and neurotransmitters, and vary in size from small molecules to peptides to large proteins.

# The sense of smell: receptors of the olfactory epithelium bind odorants ( olfactory receptors ) and pheromones ( vomeronasal receptors )

# Behavioral and mood regulation: receptors in the mammalian brain bind several different neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine, GABA, and glutamate

# Regulation of immune system activity and inflammation: chemokine receptors bind ligands that mediate intercellular communication between cells of the immune system ; receptors such as histamine receptors bind inflammatory mediators and engage target cell types in the inflammatory response

Whereas, in other types of receptors that have been studied, wherein ligands bind externally to the membrane, the ligands of GPCRs typically bind within the transmembrane domain.

Examples are cytokines and hormones that bind to specific receptors on the surface of their target cells.

To bind their receptors, these hormones must cross the cell membrane.

The IGFs are known to bind the IGF-1 receptor, the insulin receptor, the IGF-2 receptor, the insulin-related receptor and possibly other receptors.

Some forms of the antibody impair the ability of acetylcholine to bind to receptors.

Multisubunit transmembrane receptors called integrins are used to bind to the ECM.

Morphine is a rapid-acting narcotic, and it is known to bind very strongly to the μ-opioid receptors, and for this reason, it often has a higher incidence of euphoria / dysphoria, respiratory depression, sedation, pruritus, tolerance, and physical and psychological dependence when compared to other opioids at equianalgesic doses.

Nicotinic receptors, are pentameric ligand-gated ion channels composed of alpha and beta subunits that bind nicotine.

In the region of vessel narrowing, shear stresses dissociate the aggregates and release the tPA-coated nanoparticles which bind and degrade the blood clots.

Once the GPCR recognizes a ligand, the conformation of the receptor changes to activate the G protein, causing Gα to bind a molecule of GTP and dissociate from the other two G-protein subunits.

The AAP transiently bind and rapidly dissociate from the D2 receptor to allow normal dopamine transmission.

Since a portion of both hydrogen ions and calcium are bound to serum albumin, when blood becomes alkalotic, bound hydrogen ions dissociate from albumin, freeing up the albumin to bind with more calcium and thereby decreasing the freely ionized portion of total serum calcium.

Organic agents which covalently bind the iodine have fewer side effects as they do not dissociate into component molecules.

This causes transducin to dissociate from its bound GDP, and bind GTP, then the alpha subunit of transducin dissociates from the beta and gamma subunits, with the GTP still bound to the alpha subunit.

For example the M-T2 protein of myxoma viruses can bind TNF preventing it from binding the TNF receptor and inducing a response.

If " overseer " enzymes note that residues are misfolded, proteins within the RER will re-add glucose residues so that other Calreticulin / Calnexin can bind to these proteins and prevent them from proceeding to the Golgi.

Generally speaking decisions from the higher courts will bind the lower courts.

At Fenrir's first kick the bind snapped, and Fenrir loosened himself from Leyding.

" If you bind me so that I am unable to release myself, then you will be standing by in such a way that I should have to wait a long time before I got any help from you.

The ring, engraved with the Seal of Solomon, had the power to bind demons from doing harm.

too often those principles which give consistency, individuality, and form to the Northern character, which render it staunch, strong, and seaworthy, which bind it together as with iron, are drawn out, one by one, like the bolts of the ill-fitted vessel, and from the miserable, loosened fragments is formed that human anomaly -- a Northern man with Southern principles.

In biochemistry, ligase ( from the Latin verb ligāre — " to bind " or " to glue together ") is an enzyme that can catalyze the joining of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond, usually with accompanying hydrolysis of a small chemical group dependent to one of the larger molecules or the enzyme catalyzing the linking together of two compounds .... e. g.: Enzymes which catalyze joining of C-O, C-S, C-N etc.

This led to Carnap's Aufbau, an attempt to learn all knowledge from sense datum, using the notion of " remembered as similar " to bind these into clusters, which would eventually map into language.

Jacques Lacan, inspired by Heidegger and Saussure, built on Freud's psychoanalytic model of the subject, in which the " split subject " is constituted by a double bind: alienated from jouissance when he or she leaves the Real, enters into the Imaginary ( during the mirror stage ), and separates from the Other when he or she comes into the realm of language, difference, and demand in the Symbolic or the Name of the Father.

The word muay derives from the Sanskrit mavya which means " to bind together ".

A monomer ( from Greek mono " one " and meros " part ") is a molecule that may bind chemically to other molecules to form a polymer.

In Gram-negative bacteria, plasmid-mediated resistance genes produce proteins that can bind to DNA gyrase, protecting it from the action of quinolones.

Modern scholars such as Tom Harpur and Joseph Campbell favor the derivation from " bind, connect ", probably from a prefixed, i. e. re ( again ) + ligare or " to reconnect ," which was made prominent by St. Augustine, following the interpretation of Lactantius.

Because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that " it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition.

In prokaryotic cells, which do not have nucleus and cytoplasm compartments, mRNA can bind to ribosomes while it is being transcribed from DNA.

Sabbath ordinances were appealed to, with the idea that only the word of God can bind men's consciences in whether or how they will take a break from work, or to impose an obligation to meet at a particular time.

These traditions include hermetic mages, whose control of magic comes through study and manipulation of magical energy or mana, and who summon and bind elementals in lengthy and expensive rituals to be called on later ; and shamans, whose magic derives from a connection to nature via a totem spirit, and who can summon the nature spirits associated with a particular place.

As such, the residual strong interaction obeys a quite different distance-dependent behavior between nucleons, from when it is acting to bind quarks within nucleons.

As is the case with GPCRs, proteins that bind GTP play a major role in signal transduction from the activated RTK into the cell.

First messengers are the intracellular chemical messengers ( hormones, neurotransmitters, and paracrine / autocrine agents ) which reach the cell from the extracellular fluid and bind to their specific receptors.