Ligands are generally bound to the central atom by a coordinate covalent bond ( donating electrons from a lone electron pair into an empty metal orbital ), and are said to be coordinated to the atom.

Ligands that span the faces or edges of the M6 core are labeled L < sub > i </ sub >, for innen, and those ligands attached only to one metal are labeled L < sub > a </ sub >, for ausser.

Ligands for P-selectin on eosinophils and neutrophils are similar sialylated, protease-sensitive, endo-beta-galactosidase-resistant structures, clearly different than those reported for E-selectin, and suggest disparate roles for P-selectin and E-selectin during recruitment during inflammatory responses.

Ligands may also bind elsewhere, however, as is the case for bulkier ligands ( e. g., proteins or large peptides ), which instead interact with the extracellular loops, or, as illustrated by the class C metabotropic glutamate receptors ( mGluRs ), the N-terminal tail.

Ligands can either have non-cooperativity, positive cooperativity or negative cooperativity.

Ligands bind to receptors and dissociate from them according to the law of mass action.

Ligands may interact with DNA by covalently binding, electrostatically binding, or intercalating.

* Synthesis and Activity of Dafachronic Acid Ligands for the C. elegans DAF-12 Nuclear Hormone Receptor

G protein coupled receptors ( GPCRs ), also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein-linked receptors ( GPLR ), comprise a large protein family of transmembrane receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses.

Both G < sub > α </ sub >- GTP and G < sub > βγ </ sub > can then activate different signaling cascades ( or second messenger pathways ) and effector proteins, while the receptor is able to activate the next G protein.

A cell may have several different receptors that recognize the same hormone and activate different signal transduction pathways, or a cell may have several different receptors that recognize different hormones and activate the same biochemical pathway.

Growth factors initiate signal transduction pathways, altering transcription factors, that, in turn activate genes that determine the differentiation of blood cells.

Since members of the type I and type II cytokine receptor families possess no catalytic kinase activity, they rely on the JAK family of tyrosine kinases to phosphorylate and activate downstream proteins involved in their signal transduction pathways.

There are, however, other neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, for which both excitatory and inhibitory receptors exist ; and there are some types of receptors that activate complex metabolic pathways in the postsynaptic cell to produce effects that cannot appropriately be called either excitatory or inhibitory.

Mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor activate signalling pathways that promote cell survival.

Stressors can be of many different types — in experimental studies in rats, a distinction is often made between " social stress " and " physical stress ", but both types activate the HPA axis, though via different pathways.

These nerves release acetylcholine and substance P, which activate the IP3 and DAG pathways respectively.

With the assistance of a phosphatase present on the intracellular section of CD45 ( common leukocyte antigen ), these molecules activate major T < sub > h </ sub > cell intracellular pathways.

Once the naïve T cell has both pathways activated, the biochemical changes induced by Signal 1 are altered, allowing the cell to activate instead of anergise.

The tissue factor and contact activation pathways both activate the " final common pathway " of factor X, thrombin and fibrin.

G protein-coupled receptors ( GPCRs ), also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein-linked receptors ( GPLR ), comprise a large protein family of transmembrane receptors that sense molecules outside the cell and activate inside signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses.

In individuals with WPW, electrical activity that is initiated in the SA node travels through the accessory pathway as well as through the AV node to activate the ventricles via both pathways.

For the sake of conceptual uniformity, this section uses the tobacco cessation as the chief example ; however, since nicotine and other psychoactive substances such as cocaine activate similar psychopharmacological pathways, an emotion regulation approach may be similarly applicable to a wider array of substances of abuse.

Further components of the gram-negative cell wall may also activate other pathways, which may contribute to the overall endotoxic effect.

For example, STa enterotoxins bind and activate membrane-bound guanylate cyclase, which leads to the intracellular accumulation of cyclic GMP and downstream effects on several signaling pathways.

Three biochemical pathways activate the complement system: the classical complement pathway, the alternative complement pathway, and the lectin pathway.

She is also able to boost or activate a mutant's powers through access of their brain's neurological pathways, and can communicate across global distances unaided.

Eukaryotic cells exposed to DNA damaging agents also activate important defensive pathways by inducing multiple proteins involved in DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoint control, protein trafficking and degradation.

These proteins activate various pathways in the cell that can be categorized into the canonical and noncanonical Wnt pathways.

What these fragments are and how they activate the go order may not be revealed.

Cytokines are substances that can activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes ( CTL ), antibody-secreting B cells, macrophages, and other particles.

Most traditional pharmaceutical drugs are relatively small molecules that bind to particular molecular targets and either activate or deactivate biological processes.

On cleavage by trypsin into two parts that are still connected via an S-S bond, cleaved chymotrypsinogen molecules can activate each other by removing two small peptides in a trans-proteolysis.

In the basic state, the G < sub > α </ sub >- GDP-G < sub > βγ </ sub > complex and the receptor that can activate it are separately associated with the membrane.

They are activated in response to a conformation change in the G protein-coupled receptor, exchange GDP for GTP, and dissociate to activate other proteins in the signal transduction pathway.

At the base of a pedal harp are seven pedals, which activate the rods when the pedals are downwardly pressed.

By interacting with their specific receptors, IFNs activate signal transducer and activator of transcription ( STAT ) complexes ; STATs are a family of transcription factors that regulate the expression of certain immune system genes.

They are believed to activate enzymes involved with oxidative phosphorylation.

Ships which activate hyperdrive close to a star are likely to disappear without a trace.

The recent versions of Opera ( 11 and above ) uses an on-screen pie menu to simply and non-obstructively display which mouse gestures are available and how to activate them, providing feedback and visibility in some way.

There are several stimuli that can activate a neuron leading to electrical activity, including pressure, stretch, chemical transmitters, and changes of the electric potential across the cell membrane.

Drugs are placed in the body and only activate on encountering a particular signal.

There are immediate environments that are those situations that confront an individual or group at a given point and activate certain mental responses.

nano can also use pointer devices, such as a mouse, to activate functions that are on the shortcut bar, as well as position the cursor.

* research reactors are intended to produce neutrons and / or activate radioactive sources for scientific, medical, engineering, or other research purposes.

The estrogen: ER complex binds to specific DNA sequences called a Hormone response element to activate the transcription of some 137 ER-regulated genes, of which 89 are direct target genes.

Cyclins are a group of proteins that activate kinases involved in cell division.

These doping processes are followed by furnace anneal or in advanced devices, by rapid thermal anneal ( RTA ) which serve to activate the implanted dopants.

If it diffuses away, it has the potential to activate receptors that are located either at other synapses or on the membrane away from any synapse.

The HSPs are necessary to activate the receptor by assisting the protein to fold in a way such that the signal sequence enabling its passage into the nucleus is accessible.