Macedonian, although mutually intelligible with Bulgarian, certain dialects of Serbian and to a lesser extent the rest of the South Slavic dialect continuum is considered by Bulgarian linguists to be a Bulgarian dialect, in contrast with the contemporary international view, and the view in the Republic of Macedonia which regards it as a language in its own right.

Nevertheless, before the establishment of a literary standard of Macedonian in 1944, in most sources in and out of Bulgaria before the Second World War, the southern Slavonic dialect continuum covering the area of today's Republic of Macedonia were referred to as Bulgarian dialects.

Prior to the codification of the standard language ( Standard Macedonian ), Macedonian dialects were described by linguists as being either dialects of Bulgarian or Serbian.

Some other linguists, such as Antoine Meillet, also considered Macedonian dialects as comprising an independent language group distinct from both Bulgarian and Serbian.

While it is often claimed that Standard Macedonian was codified on the base of those dialects ( i. e. the Prilep-Bitola dialect ) which were most unlike Bulgarian, this interpretation stems from the works of Krste Misirkov who suggested that Standard Macedonian should abstract on those dialects " most distinct from the standards of the other Slavonic languages ".

It has lower intelligibility with the East South Slavic languages Bulgarian and Macedonian, than with Slovene ( although Slovene is part of the West subgroup, it is hindered by differences in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation to the Serbo-Croatian standard forms, although closer to the Serbo-Croatian Kajkavian and Čakavian dialects ).

As part of the wider Pomak community, the Torbeshi and Gorani in the Republic of Macedonia, Albania and Kosovo speak Macedonian or Torlakian dialects ( incl.

Hesychius is important, not only for Greek philology, but also for studying lost languages and obscure dialects ( such as Thracian and the ancient Macedonian language ) and in reconstructing Proto-Indo-European.

Bulgarian and Macedonian form the eastern branch of South Slavic dialects.

Bulgarian ( including the Macedonian dialects ) was prohibited, and its surreptitious use, whenever detected, was ridiculed or punished.

The word kismet is also used in Hindi, Bulgarian, Macedonian, Albanian, and in some dialects of Serbian as luck.

There are some Macedonian dialects around Thessaloniki and Kastoria in Northern Greece that still preserve a nasal pronunciation:, ' Where are you going, dear child?

According to this book, the Macedonian language should be based on dialects from the central part of Macedonia which are the Veles, Prilep, Bitola and Ohrid dialects.

There is disagreement among linguists whether these dialects belong to the Štokavian area, as there are many other morphological characteristics apart from rendering of što ( also, some dialects use kakvo or kvo, typical for Bulgarian ) which would place them into a " transitional " group between Štokavian and Eastern South Slavic languages ( Bulgarian and Macedonian ).

All South Slavic languages, including Macedonian, form a dialect continuum.

Language contact between Macedonian and Serbo-Croatian reached its height during Yugoslav times, so much so that the colloquial speech of the city of Skopje has been described as a " creolized form of Serbian " ( cf.

The Serbian form has parallels in virtually all Slavic languages: Bulgarian and Macedonian вампир ( vampir ), Croatian vampir, Czech and Slovak upír, Polish wąpierz, and ( perhaps East Slavic-influenced ) upiór, Ukrainian упир ( upyr < nowiki ></ nowiki >), Russian упырь ( upyr < nowiki >'</ nowiki >), Belarusian упыр ( upyr ), from Old East Slavic упирь ( upir < nowiki >'</ nowiki >).

The Torlakian dialect of Serbian is spoken in southeast Serbia, and is not standardized, as it represents transitional form to Macedonian and Bulgarian.

* The Macedonian King, Demetrius Poliorcetes, faces a combined attack from Lysimachus and Phyrrhus, king of Epirus, after Seleucus, Ptolemy and Lysimachus form a coalition to block plans by Demetrius to invade Asia Minor.

Berenice or Berenike (, Berenikē ) is the Ancient Macedonian form for Attic Greek Φερενίκη ( Pherenikē ), meaning " bearer of victory ", from φέρω ( pherō ) " to bear " + νίκη ( nikē ) " victory ".

* As applied to Macedonian, it refers to the verb noun formed by adding the suffix-ње (- nje ) to the verb form, like in јаде ( jade, he eats ) — јадење ( jadenje, eating ).

* In Czech, Serbian, Macedonian, Dutch, English, German, Hungarian, Scandinavian languages and Spanish, Andrea is used as a woman's name, as the feminine form of Andrew, Andreas, András, Andrés, Anders or Andre.

The Greek χορός is cognate with Bulgarian хоро ' horo ', Romanian ' horǎ ', Serbian / Croatian / Bosnian / Montenegrin / Slovenian ' kolo ', Macedonian / Montenegrin ' oro ', the Turkish form ' hora ', ' valle ' in Albania, and in Hebrew הורה ( Hora ).

Macedonian verbal nouns ( глаголска именка, glagolska imenka ) are formed by adding the suffix-ње to the verb form.

Some scholars view the Pella katadesmos, written in a form of Doric Greek, as the first discovered Macedonian text.

In the Serbian / Macedonian alphabet, the lowercase letter Be has a different printed form as shown in the illustration which shows both the standard and variant form.

The Indians tried to form a double phalanx, but the necessary complicated maneuvers brought even more confusion into their ranks making it easier for the Macedonian horse to conquer.

In italic type and cursive, the lowercase form ⟨< span style =" font-family: Times New Roman, serif ; font-size: larger "> т </ span >⟩ looks like the italic form of the lowercase Latin M ⟨< span style =" font-family: Times New Roman, serif ; font-size: larger "> m </ span >⟩, except in Serbian and Macedonian usage where it looks like an inverted lowercase Latin M, with a stroke above to distinguish it from the otherwise identical italic lowercase letter Sha ⟨< span style =" font-family: Times New Roman, serif ; font-size: larger "> ш </ span >⟩.

In battle it would form part of a hammer and anvil tactic: the Companion cavalry would be used as a hammer, in conjunction with the Macedonian phalanx-based infantry, which acted as their anvil.

( This vowel loss occurred in most other Slavic languages ; Štokavian is a notable exception, whereas the same feature of Macedonian is probably not a Serbian influence, as the word is preserved in the same form in Bulgarian, to which Macedonian is much closer related than to Serbian.

The Macedonian phalanx was much less able to form a shield wall, but the lengthened spears would have compensated for this.

Dž ( titlecase form ; all-capitals form DŽ, lowercase dž ) is the seventh letter of the Croatian and Bosnian alphabets, and the Latin forms of Serbian, Montenegrin and Macedonian, after D and before Đ.

The connection with Dorians and their initiation festival apellai is reinforced by the month Apellaios in northwest Greek calendars, but it can explain only the Doric type of the name, which is connected with the Ancient Macedonian word " pella " ( Pella ), stone.

In 294 BC, after forty-three years of semi-autonomy under Macedonian suzerainty, Ambracia was given by the son of Cassander to Pyrrhus, king of Epirus, who made it his capital, and adorned it with palace, temples and theatres.

Bulgarian, along with the closely related Macedonian language ( collectively forming the East South Slavic languages ), has several characteristics that set it apart from all other Slavic languages: changes include the elimination of case declension, the development of a suffixed definite article ( see Balkan language area ) and the lack of a verb infinitive ; but it retains and has further developed the Proto-Slavic verb system.

The Macedonian king had suffered a disastrous defeat at the hands of the Romans in the Second Macedonian War ( 200-197 BC ), which had reduced him from a powerful Hellenistic monarch to the status of a petty client-king with a much-reduced territory and a tiny army.

A Discourse of Sallets: " Sellery, apium Italicum, ( and of the Petroseline Family ) was formerly a stranger with us ( nor very long since in Italy ) is an hot and more generous sort of Macedonian Persley or Smallage ... and for its high and grateful Taste is ever plac'd in the middle of the Grand Sallet, at our Great Men's tables, and Praetors feasts, as the Grace of the whole Board ".

Here the Greeks were in competition not only with the Ottomans but also with the Bulgarians, engaged in an armed propaganda struggle for the hearts and minds of the ethnically mixed local population, the so-called " Macedonian Struggle ".

Margaret Murray had mentioned this information in her 1933 book The God of the Witches, and Hutton theorised that Alex Sanders had taken it from there, enjoying the fact that he shared his name with the ancient Macedonian emperor.

The Macedonian phalanx was not very different from the Hoplite phalanx of other Greeks states, save it was better trained, armed with the sarissa enabling it to outreach its competitors and stave off enemy cavalry, and wore far lighter armor enabling longer endurance and long fast forced marches, including the ability to sprint to close and overwhelm opposing positions and archers.

Also Severus Alexander ( 3rd c. AD ) had an imitation of the Macedonian phalanx of 30, 000 " phalangarii " and with this he won many victories in the Persian wars.

Macedonian, along with Bulgarian and the transitional southern Serbian varieties ( Torlakian ) also forms a part of the Balkan Sprachbund, a group of languages which share typological, grammatical and lexical features based on geographical convergence, rather than genetic proximity.

They are also the only Slavic languages with any definite articles, but only Macedonian has got three: unspecified, proximate and distal article.

The population of the Republic of Macedonia was 2, 022, 547 in 2002, with 1, 644, 815 speaking Macedonian as the native language.

A large number of Macedonians live outside the traditional Balkan Macedonian region, with Australia, Canada and the United States having the largest emigrant communities.

The policy of Serbianization in the 1920s and 1930s clashed with pro-Bulgarian sentiment stirred by Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization ( IMRO ) detachments infiltrating from Bulgaria, whereas local communists favoured the path of self-determination.

* Regard for the communities and minorities living outside the state borders and improvement of their legal status and the treatment of the Macedonian National Minority abroad, in accordance with the international agreements as well as with the concluded bilateral agreements and treaties.

* Slavicists use the macron to indicate a non-tonic long vowel, or a non-tonic syllabic liquid, such as on l, lj, m, n, nj, and r. Languages with this feature include standard and jargon varieties of Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian, Slovene, Bulgarian.

Under Attalus I ( 241-197 BC ), they allied with Rome against Philip V of Macedon, during the first and second Macedonian Wars, and again under Eumenes II ( 197-158 BC ), against Perseus of Macedon, during the Third Macedonian War.