Molecular clock calculations estimate the origin of stem group Malpighiales at around 100 Mya ( million years ago ) and the origin of crown group Malpighiales at about 90 Mya.

Molecular phylogenetics has also been used to estimate the dates when species diverged, but there is controversy about the reliability of the molecular clock on which such estimates depend.

Molecular clock and fossil dating suggest echidnas split from platypuses 19 – 48 million years ago.

* Molecular clock

Molecular clock users have developed workaround solutions using a number of statistical approaches including maximum likelihood techniques and later Bayesian modeling.

* Molecular clock explanation of the molecular equidistance phenomenon

simple: Molecular clock

# REDIRECT Molecular clock

Molecular clock analyses suggest that P. falciparum is as old as the human line ; the two species diverged at the same time as humans and chimpanzees.

* Molecular clock hypothesis

* The primary technical reference work on this topic is Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation, an in-depth, physics-based analysis of a particular class of potential nanomachines and molecular manufacturing systems, with extensive analyses of their feasibility and performance.

Molecular studies such as DNA-DNA hybridization ( Sibley & Ahlquist, 1990 ) and sequence analyses fail to resolve the relationships of grebes properly due to insufficient resolution in the former and long-branch attraction in the latter.

Molecular genetic analyses strongly suggest that Pacific cod and Greenland cod ( Gadus ogac ) from Greenland – the Arctic ocean are the same species ; G. ogac is then a junior synonym of G. macrocephalus.

Molecular phylogenetic analyses have proven these three are all distinctive and separate species ; other taxa formerly believed to be unique species or subspecies, such as B. betulicola, B. chippewaensis, B. persoonii, B. quercicola and B. venturii, are now known to be part of a B. edulis species complex with a wide morphological, ecological and geographic range, and that the genetic variability in this complex is low.

Molecular analyses of angiosperms have placed Cistaceae within the Malvales, forming a clade with two families of tropical trees, Dipterocarpaceae and Sarcolaenaceae.

Molecular analyses of phytochrome and phytochrome-like genes in higher plants ( ferns, mosses, algae ) and photosynthetic bacteria have shown that phytochromes evolved from prokaryotic photoreceptors that predated the origin of plants.

Molecular analyses indicated that the 18S rDNA sequences of these sacs were indistinguishable from those of PKX, and the PKX organism was scientifically described as Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae Canning, Curry, Feist, Longshaw & Okamura 1999, which has been assigned to a new class, the Malacosporea within the phylum Myxozoa.

Molecular analyses of the ITS and 5S rDNA sequences indicate that T. hypoglaucum and T. doianum are not distinct from T. wilfordii, while T. regelii should be recognized as a separate species.

* Downloadable PDF-" Molecular analyses of the Chinese herb Leigongteng ( Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f.

Molecular and morphological analyses of the cuttlefish Sepia apama indicate a complex population structure.

Molecular clocks have been used to suggest an origin in the Pacific in the Paleocene.

Molecular data suggest that there are four clades within the Cornales: Cornus-Alangium, nyssoids-mastixioids, Hydrangeaceae-Loasaceae, and Grubbia-Curtisia, with Hydrostachyaceae in an uncertain position, possibly basal.

Molecular phylogenies suggest that at least some of the genera traditionally included in Apiaceae as subfamily Hydrocotyloideae appear to be more closely related to Araliaceae, and the inclusion of Hydrocotyle and Trachymene in Araliaceae has been recommended ( Chandler & Plunkett 2004 ).

Molecular studies of the pipits suggest that the genus arose in East Asia around seven million years ago ( mya ), during the Miocene, and that the genus had spread to the Americas, Africa and Europe between 5 and 6 mya.

Molecular studies suggest that this order is the sister to Plecoptera or to Ephemeroptera.

Molecular and behavioral data suggest that it has no close relatives among living ducks and should be placed in a distinct genus ; it is possibly closest to such species as the Garganey and the Northern Shoveler.

Molecular studies suggest that the African and Madeiran populations are closely related and distinct from European populations of both subspecies, suggesting that Madeira was colonized from Africa and that the African population has a long history of isolation from European populations.

Molecular estimates, however, suggest the species may have diverged much earlier, around 11. 7 million years ago.

Molecular studies suggest that Acanthocheilonema viteae either lost their symbionts before they became essential or diverged from other filaroids before Wolbachia acquisition ( Schmidt and Roberts, 2009 ).

Molecular dating studies suggest that both the epidemic groups ( A and B ) started to spread among humans between 1905 and 1961 ( with the central estimates varying between 1932 and 1945 ).

Molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that Pereskia is not monophyletic ( i. e. its species are not the complete set of descendants of a common ancestor ), although the three other subfamilies are.

Molecular analysis published in 2006 established that the bolete mushrooms are all derived from a common ancestor, and established the Boletales as an order separate from the Agaricales.

Molecular phylogenetic analysis carried out in 2004 showed that the tribe is monophyletic ( i. e. it contains all the descendants of a single common ancestor ).

Molecular phylogenies based on the examination of ribosomal DNA, have shown that Sarcodina is a polyphyletic grouping: that some amoeboids shared a more recent common ancestor with members of other phyla than with other Sarcodina.

Molecular studies have shown that the genus Portulacaria ( previously in Portulacaceae ) is part of this family, thus extending its distribution beyond the island of Madagascar.

Molecular evidence indicates that the lineage of gibbons ( family Hylobatidae ) diverged from Great Apes some 18-12 million years ago, and that of orangutans ( subfamily Ponginae ) diverged from the other Great Apes at about 12 million years ; there are no fossils that clearly document the ancestry of gibbons, which may have originated in a so-far-unknown South East Asian hominoid population, but fossil proto-orangutans may be represented by Sivapithecus from India and Griphopithecus from Turkey, dated to around 10 million years ago.

* John Finch ; ' A Nobel Fellow On Every Floor ', Medical Research Council 2008, 381 pp, ISBN 978-1-84046-940-0 ; this book is all about the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge.

* John Finch ; ' A Nobel Fellow On Every Floor ', Medical Research Council 2008, 381 pp, ISBN 978-1-84046-940-0 ; this book is all about the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge

* John Finch ; ' A Nobel Fellow On Every Floor ', Medical Research Council 2008, 381 pp, ISBN 978-1-84046-940-0 ; this book is all about the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge.

* * John Finch ; ' A Nobel Fellow On Every Floor ', Medical Research Council 2008, 381 pp, ISBN 978-1-84046-940-0 ; this book is all about the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge.

Molecular fragments joined by a pi bond cannot rotate about that bond without breaking the pi bond, because rotation involves destroying the parallel orientation of the constituent p orbitals.

* John Finch ; ' A Nobel Fellow On Every Floor ', Medical Research Council 2008, 381 pp, ISBN 978-1-84046-940-0 ; this book is all about the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge.

This group belongs to the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex and is about 1, 600 light years distant from Earth.

* The Molecular Plant Breeding CRC, in conjunction with the Australian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics developed " Get into Genes ", an education program about the role of gene technology in agriculture.

Molecular genetic testing of the NEMO IKBKG gene ( chromosomal locus Xq28 ) reveals disease-causing mutations in about 80 % of probands.

The energy difference between the lowest energy of O < sub > 2 </ sub > in the singlet state and the lowest energy in the triplet state is about 11340 kelvin ( T < sub > e </ sub > ( a¹Δ < sub > g </ sub > <- X³Σ < sub > g </ sub >< sup >-</ sup >) = 7882 cm < sup >− 1 </ sup >, 94. 3 kJ / mol, 0. 98 eV ) Molecular oxygen differs from most molecules in having an open-shell triplet ground state, O < sub > 2 </ sub >( X³Σ < sub > g </ sub >< sup >-</ sup >).

Molecular structure can give fine details about which specific parts are interacting and what kinds of chemical bonds mediate that interaction.

* Ken Currie talks about his first portrait commission ' Three Oncologists ' 2002 ( Professor RJ Steele, Professor Sir Alfred Cuschieri and Professor Sir David P Lane of the Department of Surgery and Molecular Oncology, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee.