Molecular clock calculations estimate the origin of stem group Malpighiales at around 100 Mya ( million years ago ) and the origin of crown group Malpighiales at about 90 Mya.

Molecular phylogenetics has also been used to estimate the dates when species diverged, but there is controversy about the reliability of the molecular clock on which such estimates depend.

* Molecular clock

Molecular clock users have developed workaround solutions using a number of statistical approaches including maximum likelihood techniques and later Bayesian modeling.

* Molecular clock explanation of the molecular equidistance phenomenon

simple: Molecular clock

# REDIRECT Molecular clock

Molecular clock analyses suggest that P. falciparum is as old as the human line ; the two species diverged at the same time as humans and chimpanzees.

* Molecular clock hypothesis

Molecular clock analyses suggest that the ancestor of the nesomyines colonized Madagascar about 20-25 million years ago.

Molecular evidence indicates that the lineage of gibbons ( family Hylobatidae ) diverged from Great Apes some 18-12 million years ago, and that of orangutans ( subfamily Ponginae ) diverged from the other Great Apes at about 12 million years ; there are no fossils that clearly document the ancestry of gibbons, which may have originated in a so-far-unknown South East Asian hominoid population, but fossil proto-orangutans may be represented by Sivapithecus from India and Griphopithecus from Turkey, dated to around 10 million years ago.

Molecular dating, calibrated with geographic events in the absence of a good fossil record, points at the Late Miocene, c. 8 MYA, as the point where the two genera divided into their two respective lineages.

Molecular data, including analysis of retrotransposon insertion sites in the nuclear DNA of a variety of marsupials, and the fossil evidence indicate that Ameridelphia might best be understood as an evolutionary grade.

Molecular fossil evidence, however, indicates the possibility that Bennettitales and Angiosperms ( along with Gigantopteridales ) form a clade, based on the presence of oleanane in fossils of these groups.

Molecular dating suggests a split of Dicerorhinus from the four other extant species as far back as 25. 9 ± 1. 9 million years.

Molecular dating studies suggest that both the epidemic groups ( A and B ) started to spread among humans between 1905 and 1961 ( with the central estimates varying between 1932 and 1945 ).

Molecular clocks have been used to suggest an origin in the Pacific in the Paleocene.

Molecular data suggest that there are four clades within the Cornales: Cornus-Alangium, nyssoids-mastixioids, Hydrangeaceae-Loasaceae, and Grubbia-Curtisia, with Hydrostachyaceae in an uncertain position, possibly basal.

Molecular phylogenies suggest that at least some of the genera traditionally included in Apiaceae as subfamily Hydrocotyloideae appear to be more closely related to Araliaceae, and the inclusion of Hydrocotyle and Trachymene in Araliaceae has been recommended ( Chandler & Plunkett 2004 ).

Molecular studies of the pipits suggest that the genus arose in East Asia around seven million years ago ( mya ), during the Miocene, and that the genus had spread to the Americas, Africa and Europe between 5 and 6 mya.

Molecular studies suggest that this order is the sister to Plecoptera or to Ephemeroptera.

Molecular genetic analyses strongly suggest that Pacific cod and Greenland cod ( Gadus ogac ) from Greenland – the Arctic ocean are the same species ; G. ogac is then a junior synonym of G. macrocephalus.

Molecular and behavioral data suggest that it has no close relatives among living ducks and should be placed in a distinct genus ; it is possibly closest to such species as the Garganey and the Northern Shoveler.

Molecular studies suggest that the African and Madeiran populations are closely related and distinct from European populations of both subspecies, suggesting that Madeira was colonized from Africa and that the African population has a long history of isolation from European populations.

Molecular estimates, however, suggest the species may have diverged much earlier, around 11. 7 million years ago.

Molecular studies suggest that Acanthocheilonema viteae either lost their symbionts before they became essential or diverged from other filaroids before Wolbachia acquisition ( Schmidt and Roberts, 2009 ).

Molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that Pereskia is not monophyletic ( i. e. its species are not the complete set of descendants of a common ancestor ), although the three other subfamilies are.

Molecular evidence suggests that between 8 and 4 million years ago, first the gorillas, and then the chimpanzees ( genus Pan ) split off from the line leading to the humans ; human DNA is approximately 98. 4 % identical to that of chimpanzees when comparing single nucleotide polymorphisms ( see human evolutionary genetics ).

Molecular phylogenetics reveals that they form a polyphyletic group and could see a split into several new phyla.

The school has centres of excellence split down into Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics ( LIGHT ), Leeds Institute of Health Sciences ( LIHS ), Leeds Institute of Medical Education ( LIME ) and The Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine ( LIMM ).

Molecular evidence suggests that the Phycodnaviridae may have evolved from the family Iridoviridae.

Molecular diffusion from a microscopic and macroscopic point of view.

Early Tertiary Out-of-India Dispersal of Crypteroniaceae: Evidence from Phylogeny and Molecular Dating.

Molecular orbitals are usually constructed by combining atomic orbitals or hybrid orbitals from each atom of the molecule, or other molecular orbitals from groups of atoms.

Molecular orbitals are obtained from the combination of atomic orbitals, which predict the location of an electron in an atom.

Molecular orbitals arise from allowed interactions between atomic orbitals, which are allowed if the symmetries ( determined from group theory ) of the atomic orbitals are compatible with each other.

Drexler argues that we may need to wait until our conventional nanotechnology improves before solving these issues: " Molecular manufacturing will result from a series of advances in molecular machine systems, much as the first Moon landing resulted from a series of advances in liquid-fuel rocket systems.

Molecular studies, however, have shown that the Cetacea descend from the Artiodactyl ancestors, although the precise phylogeny within the order remains uncertain.

A study conducted by the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology in 2009 ( in collaboration with Harvard Medical School, Harvard School of Public Health and the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT ) analyzed half a million genetic markers across the genomes of 132 individuals from 25 ethnic groups from 13 states in India across multiple caste groups.

Molecular excitons have several interesting properties, one of which is energy transfer ( see Förster resonance energy transfer ) whereby if a molecular exciton has proper energetic matching to a second molecule's spectral absorbance, then an exciton may transfer ( hop ) from one molecule to another.

Molecular analysis suggests that the hexapods diverged from their sister group, the Anostraca ( fairy shrimps ), at around the start of the Silurian period-coinciding with the appearance of vascular plants on land.

") Molecular phylogenetics have clarified the relatedness of some associated genera, and at least nine genera that were previously included in Cornaceae have been eliminated from the order Cornales entirely, but the circumscription of Cornaceae is still unclear.

Molecular data indicate Vespertilionidae diverged from Molossidae in the early Eocene period.

Molecular genetics study suggests that surviving Amerindian populations derived from a theoretical single founding population, possibly from only 50 to 70 genetic contributors Preliminary research, restricted to only 9 genomic regions ( or loci ) have shown a genetic link between original Americas and Asia populations.