Molecular sieves are often used for this purpose as well.

Molecular diffusion, often called simply diffusion, is the thermal motion of all ( liquid or gas ) particles at temperatures above absolute zero.

Molecular hydrogen is difficult to detect by infrared and radio observations, so the molecule most often used to determine the presence of H < sub > 2 </ sub > is CO ( carbon monoxide ).

GMCs are so large that " local " ones can cover a significant fraction of a constellation ; thus they are often referred to by the name of that constellation, e. g. the Orion Molecular Cloud ( OMC ) or the Taurus Molecular Cloud ( TMC ).

Molecular clouds, and especially " giant " molecular clouds ( GMCs ), are often the home of astronomical masers.

Molecular biophysicists often consider complex biological events as systems of interacting units which can be understood through statistical mechanics, thermodynamics and chemical kinetics.

** Molecular diffusivity ( often called " diffusion coefficient ")

It is treated by Arthroplasty, the replacement of the joint by a synthetic joint often made of a Stainless Steel alloy ( cobalt chromoly ) and Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene ( UHMWPE ).

Herzberg authored some classic works in the field of spectroscopy, including Atomic Spectra and Atomic Structure and the encyclopaedic four volume work: Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure, which is often called the spectroscopist's bible.

Molecular modeling software often provides graphical images of electron density.

Molecular genetic studies revealed, that the traditional classification, based on morphological and anatomical characters, often did not reflect the phylogenetical relationships.

The dimer of cyclopentadiene although this might not be readily apparent on initial inspection Molecular dimers are often formed by the reaction of two identical compounds e. g.: 2A → A-A.

NAMD ( Not ( just ) Another Molecular Dynamics program ) is a free-of-charge molecular dynamics simulation package written using the Charm ++ parallel programming model, noted for its parallel efficiency and often used to simulate large systems ( millions of atoms ).

* April 25-Francis Crick and James D. Watson of the University of Cambridge's Cavendish Laboratory publish " Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid " in the British journal Nature ( first announced on February 28 at a Solvay Conference ), often ranked as one of the most dramatic results in biology during the 20th century because of the structural beauty and functional logic of the DNA double helix.

Molecular mechanics or molecular dynamics are most often used to predict the conformation of the small molecule and to model conformational changes in the biological target that may occur when the small molecule binds to it.

Molecular and physiological data linking this family to others is ambiguous and often contradictory, which means the taxonomy of this family is highly contentious.

Molecular phylogenetic investigation ( as well as supporting evidence from micromorphology and chemotaxonomy ) has since demonstrated that similar types of basidiomycete growth form are often examples of convergent evolution and do not always reflect a close relationship between different groups of fungi.

Molecular absorption is often referred to as ' telluric absorption ', as it is caused by the Earth (" telluric " is a synonym of " terrestrial ").

Molecular sieves are often utilized in the petroleum industry, especially for the purification of gas streams and in the chemistry laboratory for separating compounds and drying reaction starting materials.

Molecular biological methods involve studying the DNA of the parasite in order to identify it.

In 1964, he was given the additional title of Professor of Molecular Biology.

Under Arntzen ’ s leadership, Centers for Animal Genetics, Advanced Invertebrate Molecular Sciences and Biotechnology Policy and Ethics were established and funding secured for additional endowed chairs from the Allen, John S. Dunn, and Neva and Wesley West ( see Wesley West ) Foundations.

Molecular oxygen ( O < sub > 2 </ sub >) directly oxidizes many compounds to produce useful products in an organism, such as antibiotics, etc., in reactions catalyzed by oxygenases.

Molecular phylogenetics has also been used to estimate the dates when species diverged, but there is controversy about the reliability of the molecular clock on which such estimates depend.

Further, the universities also offer multiple dual and joint degree programs such as the Medical Scientist Training Program, the Molecular Biophysics and Structural Biology Graduate Program, and the Law and Business Administration program.

Molecular data have backed up classifications based on geography and chromosome number, but following morphological data, such as the structure of the leaves and stems, do not appear to produce a phylogenetic classification.

Molecular markers ( small lengths of DNA of a characterized / known sequence ) are used to ' tag ' and thus track such translocations.

Molecular biologists use several shorthand terms when referring to nucleic acid molecules, such as DNA and RNA, collectively referred to as nucleic acid nomenclature.

Molecular studies such as DNA-DNA hybridization ( Sibley & Ahlquist, 1990 ) and sequence analyses fail to resolve the relationships of grebes properly due to insufficient resolution in the former and long-branch attraction in the latter.

GenBank coordinates with individual laboratories and other sequence databases such as those of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory ( EMBL ) and the DNA Data Bank of Japan ( DDBJ ).

Molecular phylogeny uses such data to build a " relationship tree " that shows the probable evolution of various organisms.

In addition, several faculty members are affiliated with other programs such as the Neuroscience Graduate Program and the Cellular and Molecular Medicine.

* In the book Ender's Game by Orson Scott Card, the Molecular Disruption Device can destroy an object, and any object near it, such as a fleet of space ships.

Molecular studies by several groups of authors, as of 2008, have confirmed that the baccate ( fleshy ) fruits evolved twice from capsular fruits, and as such the two subfamily classification does not accurately portray the phylogenetic (= evolutionary ) history of the family.

Molecular methods such as PCR are available in reference laboratories.

Some journals cover sub-specialties within evolutionary biology, such as the journals Systematic Biology, Molecular Biology and Evolution and its sister journal Genome Biology and Evolution, and Cladistics.

Molecular phylogenetic analyses have proven these three are all distinctive and separate species ; other taxa formerly believed to be unique species or subspecies, such as B. betulicola, B. chippewaensis, B. persoonii, B. quercicola and B. venturii, are now known to be part of a B. edulis species complex with a wide morphological, ecological and geographic range, and that the genetic variability in this complex is low.

Molecular markers, such as allozymes ( e. g., del Río, 1999 ) and inter-simple sequence repeats ( e. g., Pissard et al., 2006 ), show oca diversity to be low relative to other crops, probably because of its vegetative mode of propagation.

Molecular geometry can range from the very simple, such as diatomic oxygen or nitrogen molecules, to the very complex, such as protein or DNA molecules.

* Molecular biology techniques such as DNA microarrays, in situ hybridization, combined to PCR, Computational genomics, and Transfection ; Cell fractionation or Immunoprecipitation

Lucid's experience includes a variety of academic assignments, such as teaching assistant at the University of Oklahoma's Department of Chemistry from 1963 to 1964 ; senior laboratory technician at the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation from 1964 to 1966 ; chemist at Kerr-McGee, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 1966 to 1968 ; graduate assistant at the University of Oklahoma Health Science Center's Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology from 1969 to 1973 and research associate with the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, from 1974 until her selection to the astronaut candidate training program.

Molecular and behavioral data suggest that it has no close relatives among living ducks and should be placed in a distinct genus ; it is possibly closest to such species as the Garganey and the Northern Shoveler.

Many faculty in the department conduct research on plant-microbe interactions. The faculty and graduate students also cooperate with faculty from other UC Berkeley departments, such as the Molecular and Cell Biology Department, on researches pertaining to plant genetics and microbial biology.

Molecular scenes can be exported to external rendering tools such as POV-Ray, Renderman, Tachyon, VRML, and many others.

Molecular evidence such as a result of studies of the evolution of small-subunit ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) supports the monophyly of the phyla listed in the infobox shown at right.