And although the Muslims in their own histories called Pelagius and his men " thirty Infidels left, what can they do ", they never again seriously challenged the independence of the Kingdom of Asturias.

Pelagius hoped Frederick II would arrive with a fresh army, but he never did ; instead, after a year of inactivity in both Syria and Egypt, John of Brienne returned, and the crusaders marched south towards Cairo in July 1221.

In a minor battle known as the Battle of Covadonga, a Muslim force sent to put down the Christians rebels in the northern mountains was defeated by Pelagius of Asturias, who established the monarchy of the Christian Kingdom of Asturias.

* 718 or 722 – Battle of Covadonga, marking the start of the Reconquista by a Christian military force ( under Pelagius of Asturias ) of the Iberian Peninsula following the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711.

* 718 or 722 – Battle of Covadonga, marking the start of the Reconquista by a Christian military force ( under Pelagius of Asturias ) of the Iberian Peninsula following the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711.

Moorish chronicles of the event describe Pelagius and his small force as " thirty wild donkeys ", as reported by al-Maqqari in the 17th century.

Pelagius and his force retreated deep into the mountains of Asturias, eventually retiring into a narrow valley flanked by mountains, which was easily defensible due to the impossibility of launching a broad-fronted attack.

At some later date, he confronted Pelagius and his now greatly augmented force, near the modern town of Proaza.

Earl Ranulf left Damietta in September 1220, with his fellow English earls, leaving behind an indecisive force under the command of Bishop Pelagius and the Military Orders.

The real Pelagius opposed Saint Augustine on the theological issue of the relationship between grace and free will.

Ever since Augustine and Pelagius there has been debate over the issue of salvation ; more specifically how can God elect believers and believers still come to God freely?

Figures of the Reformed tradition and their historical dispute with Arminian Protestants over a person's participatory role in salvation, a debate which many Calvinists identify with the original sin issue Augustine wrote of in his polemics against the British monk Pelagius, gave Reformed scholars and church leaders an intellectual tradition from which to oppose what they considered a false gospel.

One heresy, Pelagianism, was originated by a British monk teaching in Rome: Pelagius lived c. 354 to c. 420 / 440.

In fact, Popes Vigilius, Pelagius I ( 556-61 ), Pelagius II ( 579-90 ), and Gregory the Great ( 590-604 ) were only aware the Fifth Council specifically dealt with the Three Chapters and make no mention of Origenism or Universalism, nor spoke as if they knew of its condemnation even though Gregory the Great was opposed to the belief of universalism.

Prior to being made Pope, Sixtus was a patron of Pelagius, who was later condemned as a heretic.

Pelagius was opposed by Saint Augustine, one of the most influential early Church Fathers.

When Pelagius taught that moral perfection was attainable in this life without the assistance of divine grace through human free will, Saint Augustine contradicted this by saying that perfection was impossible without grace because we are born sinners with a sinful heart and will.

The kingdom was established by a nobleman, Pelagius ( Pelayo ), who had returned to his country after the Battle of Guadalete in 711 where he was elected leader of the Asturians and founded the Kingdom of Asturias.

Christian political forces then accused Abd-ar-Rahman III of pederasty with a Christian boy who was later canonized Saint Pelagius of Cordova for his refusal of Abd-ar-Rahman's advances.

Gothic identity survived the fall of the kingdom, however, especially in Marca Hispanica and the Kingdom of Asturias, which was founded by the Visigothic nobleman Pelagius after his victory over the Moors at the Battle of Covadonga.

Pelagius (; c. 685 – 737 ) was a Visigothic nobleman who founded the Kingdom of Asturias, ruling it from 718 until his death.

Pelagius was a Visigoth nobleman, the son of Fafila.

The Chronicle of Alfonso III calls Pelagius a grandson of Chindasuinth and says that his father was blinded in Córdoba, again at the instigation of Wittiza.

That Munuza's seat was at Gijón or León is sufficient to demonstrate that the Arabs had established their rule in the Asturias and that Pelagius was not therefore the leader of a local resistance to Arab conquest.

Rather, Pelagius may have come to terms with the Arab elite whereby he was permitted to govern locally in the manner of the previous Visigoths, as is known to have occurred between Arab rulers and Visigothic noblemen elsewhere, as in the case of Theudimer.

Pelagius reigned for eighteen or nineteen years until his death in 737, when he was succeeded by his son Fafila.

Pelagius was not always able to keep the Muslims out of Asturias, but neither could they defeat him, and as soon as the Muslims left, he would always re-establish control.

Again Pelagius won, and Munuza was killed in the fighting.

The Kingdom of Asturias () was a Kingdom in the Iberian peninsula founded in 718 by Visigothic nobles under the leadership of Pelagius of Asturias.

Pelagius, a son of Favila, who had been a dignitary at the court of the Visigoth King Egica ( 687-700 ), established his headquarters at Cangas de Onís, Asturias and incited an uprising against the Umayyad Muslims.

In 722, Pelagius subsequently defeated the Umayyad Caliphate at the Battle of Covadonga, in what is usually regarded as the beginning of the Reconquista.

However, the Visigothic nobles under the leadership of Pelagius of Asturias managed to defeat the Moors at the Battle of Covadonga, and subsequently established the Kingdom of Asturias.

Pelagius II in his third epistle to Elias, probably drawn up by the future Gregory I, ascribes all the trouble to this ignorance.

The relics were said to have been later rediscovered in the 9th century by a hermit named Pelagius, who after observing strange lights in a local forest went for help after the local bishop, Theodemar of Iria, in the west of Galicia.

Pelagius argues on behalf of original innocence, while Augustine indicts Eve and Adam for original sin.

At some point Pelagius is said to have rebelled, but for what reasons is unknown and such rebellions by local authorities against their superiors formed a common theme in Visigothic Spain.

Pelagius poured out his own fortune for the benefit of the famine-stricken people, and tried to induce the king to grant a truce.

Pelagius appealed for help from Emperor Maurice against the Lombards, but the Byzantines were of little help, forcing Pelagius to " buy " a truce and turn to the Franks, who invaded Italy, but left after being bribed by the Lombards.

He sent forces to Egypt under the command of Louis I, Duke of Bavaria, but constant expectation of his arrival caused papal legate Pelagius to reject Ayyubid sultan Al-Kamil's offer to restore the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem to the crusaders in exchange for their withdrawal from Egypt and caused the Crusade to continually stall in anticipation of his ever-delayed arrival.

Augustine's works are intended in part for the common people and thus do not address Pelagius or his disciple Caelestius ( except for the Definitiones Caelestii ) by name.

Pelagius soon left for Palestine, befriending the bishop there.

Pelagius explained to the synod that he did believe God was necessary for salvation because every human is created by God.

He also showed letters of recommendation by other authoritative figures including Augustine himself who, for all their disagreements, thought highly of Pelagius ' character.

It is worth noting, also, that in the extant letters of Pelagius and his followers, they claim to believe that all good works are done only with the grace of God ( which he saw as enabling, but not forcing, good works ), that infants must be baptized for salvation, and that the saints were not always sinless, but that some at least have been able to stop sinning.

Pelagius argued that Augustine's doctrine that humans went to hell for doing what they could not avoid ( sin ) was tantamount to the Manichean belief in fatalism and predestination, and took away all of mankind's free will.

Pelagius used the letter to argue his case for morality, stressing his views of natural sanctity and man's moral capacity to choose to live a holy life.

It is perhaps the only extant writing in Pelagius ' own hand, and it was, ironically, thought to be a letter by Jerome for centuries, though Augustine himself references it in his work, On the Grace of Christ.

Pope Pelagius II ( 578-590 ): " Consider the fact that whoever has not been in the peace and unity of the Church cannot have the Lord … Although given over to flames and fires, they burn, or, thrown to wild beasts, they lay down their lives, there will not be ( for them ) that crown of faith but the punishment of faithlessness … Such a one can be slain, he cannot be crowned … slain outside the Church, he cannot attain the rewards of the Church " ( Denzinger, 469 ).

Still more executions were recorded in Córdoba in 923 ( Eugenia ), a boy Pelagius in 925 ( for refusal to convert to Islam and submit to Caliph's sexual advances ), and Argentea in 931.

He offered to trade Damietta for Jerusalem, but Pelagius would not accept these offers.

Although place names still remain ( such as Alfaião, Babe, Baçal, Bagueixe, Mogadouro, among others ) the influence of the Islamic civilization to the northern regions and Douro ( as well as mountainous enclaves ) has been little, except for a passing reference to a Pelagius Count of Bragança during the Council of Oviedo ( in 970 ).

The period sees the slow emergence of orthodoxy ( the idea of which seems to emerge out of the conflicts between catholic Christianity and Gnostic Christianity ), the establishment of a Biblical canon, debates about the doctrine of the Trinity ( most notably between the councils of Nicaea in 325 and Constantinople in 381 ), about Christology ( most notably between the councils of Constantinople in 381 and Chalcedon in 451 ), about the purity of the Church ( for instance in the debates surrounding the Donatists ), and about grace, free will and predestination ( for instance in the debate between Augustine of Hippo and Pelagius ).