A similar defense comes from Australian Philosopher Frank Jackson ( born 1943 ) who revived the theory of Epiphenomenalism which argues that mental states do not play a role in physical states.

Philosopher Zhuangzi abstracted and modified this word from an earlier classic of Taoism-Laozi's Tao Te Ching, in which it states :“ 上士闻道 ， 勤而行之 。”, which means taking effort and practicing.

Philosopher Michel Onfray states that Meslier's work marks the beginning of " the history of true atheism ".

Philosopher of religion Keith Ward has said scientism is philosophically inconsistent or even self-refuting, as the truth of the statements " no statements are true unless they can be proven scientifically ( or logically )" or " no statements are true unless they can be shown empirically to be true " cannot themselves be proven scientifically, logically, or empirically.

Many American hip hop artists were popular in Canada, and Black Canadian musicians such as Infidels, Deborah Cox and The Philosopher Kings had notable successes in the R & B, pop and rock genres ; however, even the most prominent Canadian hip hop acts during this era, including Ghetto Concept, Rascalz, Farm Fresh and Hip Club Groove, struggled to gain any kind of attention outside the campus radio underground.

Philosopher Jacques Derrida, whose texts are considered difficult even by fellow scholars, explained that " In order to unfold what is implicit in so many discourses, one would have each time to make a pedagogical outlay that is just not reasonable to expect from every book.

Victorinus ' conversion, even though criticized by some scholars ( e. g. Ernst Benz, and repeated by other ) as purely intellectualist, was undoubtedly sincere, as events connected with the revival of paganism initiated by the last pagan emperor, Julian the Philosopher ( dubbed " Julian the Apostate " by Christians ) came to show.

It was mentioned in the Philosopher Commentary on the DVD collection that the names of Smith, Brown, and Jones may be endemic to the system itself, demonstrating a very " robotic " mindset on the part of the Machines.

Philosopher John Rawls concludes in A Theory of Justice that a just society must tolerate the intolerant, for otherwise, the society would then itself be intolerant, and thus unjust.

) Philosopher Simon Blackburn wrote a rejoinder to Stove, though a subsequent essay by Stove's protegee James Franklin's suggested that Blackburn's response actually " confirms Stove's central thesis that Darwinism can ' explain ' anything.

According to Russell Socrates can be analysed into the form ' The Philosopher of Greece.

Also of note is the work of the contemporary Philosopher of Law Ronald Dworkin who has advocated a constructivist theory of jurisprudence that can be characterized as a middle path between natural law theories and positivist theories of general jurisprudence.

* Philosopher John Searle suggests that the Western canon can be roughly defined as " a certain Western intellectual tradition that goes from, say, Socrates to Wittgenstein in philosophy, and from Homer to James Joyce in literature ..."

Philosopher Philip Stokes of the University of Reading noted that overall, Foucault's work was " dark and pessimistic ", but that it did leave some room for optimism, in that it illustrates how the discipline of philosophy can be used to highlight areas of domination.

Philosopher Douglas Kellner traces the identification of American exceptionalism as a distinct phenomenon back to 19th century French observer Alexis de Tocqueville, who concluded by agreeing that the U. S., uniquely, was " proceeding along a path to which no limit can be perceived.

Philosopher John Rawls, in his A Theory of Justice ( 1971 ), developed a " second principle of justice " that economic and social inequalities can only be justified if they benefit the most disadvantaged members of society.

" The second argument proposes that of all the different types of people, only the Philosopher is able to judge which type of ruler is best since only he can see the Form of the Good.

Philosopher G. E. Moore cites a paradox in that such statements as " I went to the pictures last Tuesday but I don't believe it " can be true, are ( logically ) consistent, and are not ( obviously ) contradictions.

Philosopher George Walsh argues that Christianity can be seen as originating in a myth dressed up as history, or with a historical being mythologized into a supernatural one: he calls the former the Christ myth theory, and the latter the historical Jesus theory.

Philosopher, the highest level, is rare and can be achieved only by appointment.

Philosopher G. H. R. Parkinson notes a common objection to Kant's argument: that what ought to be done does not necessarily entail that it is possible.

Naturalistic dualism comes from Australian Philosopher, David Chalmers ( born 1966 ) who argues there is an explanatory gap between objective and subjective experience that cannot be bridged by reductionism because consciousness is, at least, logically autonomous of the physical properties upon which it supervenes.

To be such a painter, he was a profound and penetrating Philosopher.

Philosopher Gottfried Leibniz said that love is " to be delighted by the happiness of another.

After the burning of the Tuileries Palace on May 23, 1871, Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche himself meditated about the " fight against culture ", wondering what could justify culture if it were to be destroyed in such a " senseless " manner ( the arguments are: culture is justified by works of art and scientific achievements ; exploitation is necessary to those achievements, leading to the creation of exploited people who then fight against culture.

Famous scholastics such as Aquinas believed him to be so important they did not refer to him by name, simply calling him " The Commentator " and calling Aristotle " The Philosopher.

The Dungeon expansion was released in May 2009 and includes a new region, an L-shaped piece connected to one corner of the board, a new deck of cards called Dungeon cards to be used in the new region, as well as five new characters ( Gladiator, Amazon, Swashbuckler, Gypsy, and Philosopher ).

He complained of this assessment in his " Mathematicall Praeface ": " And for these, and such like marvellous Actes and Feates, Naturally, and Mechanically, wrought and contrived: ought any honest Student and Modest Christian Philosopher, be counted, & called a Conjurer?

In particular, Strauss argued that Plato's myth of the Philosopher king should be read as a reductio ad absurdum, and that philosophers should understand politics, not in order to influence policy but to ensure philosophy's autonomy from politics.

But the Character and Philosopher is what he seems to pretend to, and to be a good deal conceited of: the Others are put on to comply with Les Manieres du Monde, but that you are to suppose his real characteristic ; and I can't but fancy he is a great Pretender in All kinds of Science, as well as that he really has acquired an uncommon Share in some '.

The Chrysopoeia Ouroboros of Cleopatra is one of the oldest images of the Ouroboros to be linked with the legendary opus of the Alchemists, the Philosopher ’ s Stone.

Carmy has said that "' Police Philosopher ' was born the day I spied an ad in a professional journal, seeking a professor of philosophy prepared to teach at a local precinct so that the cops could get college credit without having to be on campus.

* Alexander on Information Philosopher

* Daniel Dennett on Information Philosopher

A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery ( ca.

* Karl Popper on Information Philosopher

* Mortimer Adler on Information Philosopher

Philosopher Jacques Derrida wrote on Voice.

* Information Philosopher on Schrödinger's cat More diagrams and an information creation explanation.

Philosopher Thomas Baldwin argues that Sartre's argument is based on a misunderstanding of Freud.

Philosopher Jürgen Habermas has described Foucault as a " crypto-normativist ", covertly reliant on the very Enlightenment principles he attempts to deconstruct.

* Determinism on Information Philosopher

* Philosopher. org-' Tips on Starting your own Socrates Cafe ', Christopher Phillips, Cecilia Phillips

A Philosopher Lecturing on the Orrery ( ca.

Joseph Wright's picture " A Philosopher giving a Lecture on the Orrery in which a lamp is put in place of the Sun " ( ca.

Unlike many commentators on Euclid before and after him ( including of course Saccheri ), Khayyám was not trying to prove the parallel postulate as such but to derive it from an equivalent postulate he formulated from " the principles of the Philosopher " ( Aristotle ):

Berland, " The True Epicurean Philosopher: Some Influences on Frances Brooke's History of Emily Montague ," Dalhousie Review 66 ( 1986 ): 286-300.

Rogers-isms: the Cowboy Philosopher on the Peace Conference, ( 1919 ).

* Dialogue between a Christian Philosopher and a Chinese Philosopher on the Existence and Nature of God, tr.

Philosopher Thomas Baldwin argues that Sartre's argument is based on a misunderstanding of Freud.

Philosopher Stephen Pepper also distinguished between theories and models, and said in 1948 that general models and theories are predicated on a " root " metaphor that constrains how scientists theorize and model a phenomenon and thus arrive at testable hypotheses.

* On the True Philosopher and the True Philosophy — Essays on Swedenborg, ed.

* Philosopher Samuel Clarke attacks the views of Henry Dodwell on the immortality of the soul.