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Pioneer Venus Orbiter data indicates that Venus does not have a significant magnetic field.
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Pioneer and Venus
The design of the instrument was based on that of an instrument flown on the Pioneer Venus spacecraft.
* Pioneer 5 ( Pioneer P-2, Thor-Able 4, Pioneer V ) – interplanetary space between Earth and Venus, launched March 11, 1960
In 1978, the end of the program saw a return to the inner solar system, with the Pioneer Venus Orbiter and Multiprobe, this time using orbital insertion rather than flyby missions.
Artist's conception of the Pioneer Venus spacecraft
* Pioneer Venus Orbiter ( Pioneer Venus 1, Pioneer 12 ) – launched December 1978
* Pioneer Venus Multiprobe ( Pioneer Venus 2, Pioneer 13 ) – launched August 1978
** Pioneer Venus Probe Bus – transport vehicle and upper atmosphere probe
** Pioneer Venus Large Probe – 300 kg parachuted probe
** Pioneer Venus North Probe – 75 kg impactor probe
** Pioneer Venus Night Probe – 75 kg impactor probe
** Pioneer Venus Day Probe – 75 kg impactor probe
* Pioneer Venus – first Venus orbiter + landers
Pioneer and Orbiter
In 1980, the Pioneer Venus Orbiter indeed showed that Venus has a small weak magnetic field.
# REDIRECT Pioneer Venus project # Pioneer Venus Orbiter
Cloud structure in Atmosphere of Venus | the Venusian atmosphere in 1979, revealed by ultraviolet observations by Pioneer Venus Orbiter
Pioneer Venus 1 or Pioneer Venus Orbiter was launched in 1978, and studied the planet for more than a decade after orbital insertion in 1978.
Pioneer Venus Orbiter or Pioneer Venus 1 was inserted into an elliptical orbit around Venus on December 4, 1978.
The Pioneer Venus Orbiter carried 17 experiments ( with a total mass of 45 kg ):
In order to understand the micrometeoroid population better, a number of spacecraft ( including Lunar Orbiter 1, Luna 3, Mars 1 and Pioneer 5 ) have carried micrometeoroid detectors.
* Pioneer Venus Orbiter
# REDIRECT Pioneer Venus project # Pioneer Venus Orbiter
Had this mission and spacecraft been launched, it would have been designated Pioneer 12 ; that designation was later applied to the Pioneer Venus Orbiter.
* Pioneer Venus Orbiter in orbit of Venus, was positioned perfectly to take measurements of Halley's Comet during its perihelion February 9, 1986.
Pioneer and data
The first global topographic map of the Venusian surface was constructed from the Pioneer Venus 1 radar altimetry data.
While Pioneer 3 did not meet its primary mission objective of a lunar flyby, the data obtained was of particular value to James Van Allen.
The Pioneer 3 probe data in addition to the data from the previous Explorer 1 and Explorer 3 satellites led to the discovery of a distinct second radiation belt around the Earth ( e. g. characteristics ).
After a successful launch Pioneer 4 achieved its primary objective ( an Earth-Moon trajectory ), returned radiation data and provided a valuable tracking exercise.
Pioneer III did reach an altitude of 63, 000 miles ( 101 000 km ), providing Van Allen additional data that led to discovery of a second radiation belt.
Although the spacecraft have not been regularly tracked for science data return in recent years, a successful telemetry contact with Pioneer 6 was made on December 8, 2000 to celebrate 35 years of continuous operation since launch.
According to Slava Turyshev of JPL in the paper " Support for temporally varying behavior of the Pioneer anomaly from the extended Pioneer 10 and 11 data sets ," published in Physical Review Letters in 2011, the anomaly has a temporally-decaying ( not constant as previously thought ) nature and points towards Earth.
The Lunar Laser Ranging experiment combined with data of LAGEOS satellites refutes that simple gravity modification is the cause of the Pioneer anomaly .< ref >
The Pioneer spacecraft are no longer providing new data ( the last contact having been on 23 January 2003 ) and Galileo was deliberately burned up in Jupiter's atmosphere at the end of its mission.
* Further analysis of the retrieved Pioneer data.
New Horizons may have the same problem that precluded good data from the Cassini mission — its RTG is mounted close to the spacecraft body, so thermal radiation from it, bouncing off the spacecraft, may produce a systematic thrust of a not-easily predicted magnitude, several times as large as the Pioneer effect.
Shapiro delay must be considered along with ranging data when trying to accurately determine the distance to interplanetary probes such as the Voyager and Pioneer spacecraft.
Pioneer provides on-line data analysis tools and policy leadership to increase government transparency.
* Pioneer has given citizens access to spending data through MassOpenBooks. org, a searchable database of every payment by the state over the last three fiscal years, by agency, account, payment type, and recipient.
According to data from the Pioneer altimeters, nearly 51 % of the surface is located within 500 metres ( 1640 feet ) of the median radius of ; only 2 % of the surface is located at elevations greater than from the median radius.
Based on altimeter data from the Pioneer Venus probe, supported by ' Magellan ' data, the topography of the planet is divided into three provinces: lowlands, deposition plains, and highlands.
Pioneer and indicates
*" Swearengen likely murdered, research indicates " Black Hills Pioneer.
Pioneer and does
He is also President of both the Mars Society and Pioneer Astronautics, a private company that does research and development on innovative aerospace technologies.
The football program does not offer scholarships, and competes in Division I-AA ( Football Championship Subdivision ) in the Pioneer Football League.
In accord with the tax regulations governing nonprofit corporations, Pioneer does not fund individuals ; under the law only other nonprofit organizations are appropriate grantees.
Since the A10 does not sponsor football, the Butler football team plays in the FCS's Pioneer League.
Likewise, the anomaly does not appear in the orbits of Neptune's moons, challenging the possibility that the Pioneer anomaly may be an unconventional gravitational phenomenon based on range from the Sun.
Because the " Pioneer anomaly " does not show up as an effect on the planets, Anderson et al.
O ' Brien is a member of the Pioneer Total Abstinence Association, meaning that he does not drink alcohol.
A longer ( one-hour ) play set in the Siberian taiga, where a group of members of the Soviet youth Pioneer Movement is led by a Communist official in search of God in order to prove ( by not finding God ) that God does not exist.
0.670 seconds.