The design of the instrument was based on that of an instrument flown on the Pioneer Venus spacecraft.

* Pioneer 5 ( Pioneer P-2, Thor-Able 4, Pioneer V ) – interplanetary space between Earth and Venus, launched March 11, 1960

In 1978, the end of the program saw a return to the inner solar system, with the Pioneer Venus Orbiter and Multiprobe, this time using orbital insertion rather than flyby missions.

Artist's conception of the Pioneer Venus spacecraft

* Pioneer Venus Orbiter ( Pioneer Venus 1, Pioneer 12 ) – launched December 1978

* Pioneer Venus Multiprobe ( Pioneer Venus 2, Pioneer 13 ) – launched August 1978

** Pioneer Venus Probe Bus – transport vehicle and upper atmosphere probe

** Pioneer Venus Large Probe – 300 kg parachuted probe

** Pioneer Venus North Probe – 75 kg impactor probe

** Pioneer Venus Night Probe – 75 kg impactor probe

** Pioneer Venus Day Probe – 75 kg impactor probe

* Pioneer Venus – first Venus orbiter + landers

In 1980, the Pioneer Venus Orbiter indeed showed that Venus has a small weak magnetic field.

# REDIRECT Pioneer Venus project # Pioneer Venus Orbiter

Cloud structure in Atmosphere of Venus | the Venusian atmosphere in 1979, revealed by ultraviolet observations by Pioneer Venus Orbiter

Pioneer Venus 1 or Pioneer Venus Orbiter was launched in 1978, and studied the planet for more than a decade after orbital insertion in 1978.

Pioneer Venus Orbiter or Pioneer Venus 1 was inserted into an elliptical orbit around Venus on December 4, 1978.

In order to understand the micrometeoroid population better, a number of spacecraft ( including Lunar Orbiter 1, Luna 3, Mars 1 and Pioneer 5 ) have carried micrometeoroid detectors.

* Pioneer Venus Orbiter

# REDIRECT Pioneer Venus project # Pioneer Venus Orbiter

Had this mission and spacecraft been launched, it would have been designated Pioneer 12 ; that designation was later applied to the Pioneer Venus Orbiter.

Pioneer Venus Orbiter data indicates that Venus does not have a significant magnetic field.

* Pioneer Venus Orbiter in orbit of Venus, was positioned perfectly to take measurements of Halley's Comet during its perihelion February 9, 1986.

Among its diverse and expansive exhibits, the Museum features a full-size replica coal mine, a German submarine ( U-505 ) captured during World War II, a model railroad, the first diesel-powered streamlined stainless-steel passenger train ( Pioneer Zephyr ), and the Apollo 8 spacecraft that carried the first humans to the Moon.

The Pioneer Venus Multiprobe or Pioneer Venus 2 comprised a bus which carried one large and three small atmospheric probes.

It was the only mission in the Pioneer program carried out by the United States Air Force, as subsequent missions were conducted by NASA.

It carried a payload similar to Pioneer 3: a lunar radiation environment experiment using a Geiger-Müller tube detector and a lunar photography experiment.

However, like the Pioneer PX-7, it also carried a sophisticated hardware interface that handled video superimposition and various interactive video processing features.

More than 100 Convair-produced Atlas-Centaur rockets ( including those with their successor designations ) were used to successfully launch over 100 satellites, and among their many other outer space missions, they launched the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 space probes, the first two to be launched on trajectories that carried them out of the Solar System.

From 1981 until the early 1990s, all properly licensed discs carried the LaserVision name and logo, even Pioneer Artists titles.

Pioneer 10 carried 11 instruments, and Pioneer 11 carried 12, for investigating Jupiter and Saturn, respectively.

From the 1920s to the 1960s, the railway also carried gold concentrate and bullion from the Bridge River goldfield towns of Bralorne and Pioneer Mine, which were trucked out of the goldfield area over the high Mission Pass to the railway at Shalalth.

While at UCLA he carried out research involving observations by the NASA Pioneer Venus Spacecraft.

Abels ’ deft orchestration matched each change of mood and spoken words carried clearly ..." ( St. Paul Pioneer Press ).

Napoleon's Pioneer Corps also carried axes that were used for clearing vegetation — a practice employed by similar units in other armies.

While the catalog heavily promoted their own branded products, Lafayette also carried models from many other hi-fi manufacturers of the era, including Marantz, Fisher, Pioneer, AR, Dynaco, KLH, Wharfedale, Bozak, BIC, Garrard, Dual, TEAC, Akai, Shure, Pickering, Electro-Voice, JVC, Panasonic, Sony and others.

In 1880 a two-horse carriage carried passengers and freight from roughly today's Pioneer Square to Belltown every two hours at a fare of 12. 5 cents in an open coach or 15 cents in a covered coach.

After working as a Faculty Member at MIT and Assistant Professor at University of Texas at Dallas where he carried out investigations as a prime experimenter on a number of Pioneer and Explorer spacecrafts, Prof. Rao returned to India in 1966 as Professor at the Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad.

Commemorative postal Cover ( philately ) | covers that were carried aboard the Pioneer Zephyr for its first revenue run, on November 11, 1934, and as it crossed the one million mile mark, on December 29, 1939.

Intriguingly for planetary geologists, atmospheric studies carried out by the Pioneer Venus probes in the early 1980s revealed a considerable variation in the concentrations of sulfur dioxide ( SO < sub > 2 </ sub >) and methane ( CH < sub > 4 </ sub >) in Venus ' middle and upper atmosphere.

An example of an interstellar approach to describing the location of Earth is the plaque carried by the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft, where pulsars are used as references.