The Qianlong Emperor in ceremonial armor on horseback, painted by Giuseppe Castiglione ( 1688 – 1766 ) | Giuseppe Castiglione, dated 1739 or 1758.

The portraits of Kangxi Emperor, Yongzheng Emperor, and Qianlong Emperor are excellent examples of realistic Chinese portrait painting.

He soon won the confidence of the Qianlong Emperor and spent the remainder of his life at Beijing.

He was a correspondent of the Académie des Sciences, official translator of Western languages for Emperor Qianlong, and the spiritual leader of the French mission in Peking.

Kazakhs deliver a white horse as a gift to the Qianlong Emperor of China ( 1757 ), soon after the Qing conquest of Xinjiang.

Dutch ambassador Isaac Titsingh did not refuse to kowtow during the course of his 1794-1795 mission to the Imperial Court of Emperor Qianlong.

The Qianlong Emperor sponsored the largest collection of writings in Chinese history, the Siku Quanshu completed in 1782.

The Southern Temple has been a popular subject of wuxia fiction, first appearing in the 1893 novel Shengchao Ding Sheng Wannian Qing, where it is attacked by the Qianlong Emperor with the help of the White Eyebrow Taoist.

* Qianlong, Emperor of China

The Chinese Putuo Zongcheng Temple of Chengde, completed in 1771, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.

* October 18 – The Qianlong Emperor succeeds Yongzheng and begins a 60-year-long reign of the Qing Dynasty.

* February 9 – The Qianlong Emperor abdicates at age 84 to make way for his son, the Jiaqing Emperor.

* Construction of the Puning Temple complex in Chengde, China is complete, during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.

* June – The Macartney Embassy, a British diplomatic mission to China led by George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney, reaches Canton, but will be rebuffed by the Qianlong Emperor.

* February 7 – Qianlong Emperor of China ( b. 1711 )

* September 25 – Qianlong Emperor of China ( d. 1799 )

* Construction of the Putuo Zongcheng Temple complex in Chengde, China is completed during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor.

According to the standards of the Qianlong Emperor and successive regimes, " cooked " was synonymous with having assimilated to Han cultural norms, and living as a subject of the Empire, but retained a pejorative designation to signify the perceived cultural lacking of the non-Han people (), ().

#: However, the use of era names makes many mistake these for the names of the emperors themselves, and many scholars therefore encourage a reversed wording for Ming and Qing emperors, e. g., the Kangxi Emperor, the Qianlong Emperor, et cetera.

During the reigns of the Yongzheng Emperor and the Qianlong Emperor, the restriction began to be relaxed.

During the Qianlong reign period and the continuing 19th century, European Baroque styles of painting had noticeable influence on Chinese portrait paintings, especially with painted visual effects of lighting and shading.

The Temple of Heaven was renovated in the 18th century under the Qianlong Emperor.

Emperor Qianlong in his study, painting by Giuseppe Castiglione ( Jesuit ) | Giuseppe Castiglione, 18th century

During the mid-eighteenth century, Qianlong began to face pressures from the West to increase foreign trade.

Yuan Chonghuan's name was cleared nearly a century later by the Qianlong Emperor, after conclusive evidence was found in old archives of the Imperial Qing court supporting his innocence.

Constructed throughout the eighteenth century, the Mountain Resort ( 避暑山庄 ; literally " avoiding the heat mountain villa ") was used by both the Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors.

Ayutthaya was under almost constant Burmese threat from the 16th century onwards, and Qianlong, the Emperor of Qing was alarmed by the Burmese military might.

In the 18th century the Qing emperors, themselves originally from the far eastern edge of the steppe, campaigned in the west and in Mongolia with the Qianlong Emperor taking control of Xinjiang in 1758.

The Fragrant Concubine (; Uyghur: < big ></ big > / / ) is a figure in Chinese legend who was taken as a consort by the Qianlong Emperor during the 18th century.

The mansion is said to have been frequented by a Uyghur concubine in favor with the Qianlong Emperor and have contained tablets inscribed in Arabic which were lost in the early 20th century.

Nearly a century later, the Qing Dynasty's Qianlong Emperor granted Shi Kefa another posthumous name of " Zhongzheng " ( 忠正 ; means " loyal and upright ".

By the end of Qianlong Emperor's long reign, the Qing Empire was at its zenith.

In the succeeding dynasty, emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty personally composed 40, 000 poems as part of a 4. 7 million page library in 4 divisions, including thousands of essays, called the Siku Quanshu which is probably the largest collection of books in the world.

Alarmed, the Chinese emperor Qianlong appointed Fukang ' an commander-in-chief of the Tibetan campaign ; Fu defeated the Gorkhali army and the Gorkhali were forced to accept surrender on China's terms.

During the Qianlong Emperor's reign, for example, members of his family were distinguished by garments with a small circular emblem on the back, whereas Han officials wore clothing with a square emblem.

The Kangxi and Qianlong Emperors, for instance, embraced Chinese traditions both to control them and to proclaim their own legitimacy.

* February 22 – Heshen, a Manchu official under Qianlong ( b. 1750 )

Image: Songhuizong. jpg | Emperor Huizong of Song ( Poem and Calligraphy )

As a result, by the mid-18th century the power of the Emperor had been largely transferred to his deputies, like Ras Mikael Sehul of Tigray, who held the actual power of the Empire and elevated or deposed Emperors at will in their struggle for control of the entire realm.

The existing reverence for Centrality must have been still further stimulated toward the close of the second century B.C., when the Han Emperor Wu Ti ordered the dynastic color changed to yellow -- which symbolized the Center among the traditional Five Directions -- and took 5 as the dynastic number, believing that he would thus place himself, his imperial family, and the nation under the most auspicious influences.

Schweitzer concludes that the 1st century theology, originating in the lifetimes of those who first followed Jesus, is both incompatible with, and far removed from, those beliefs later made official by the Roman Emperor Constantine in 325 CE.

Roman control of Britain finally ended in the early part of the 5th century ; the date usually given as marking the end of Roman Britain is 410, when the Emperor Honorius sent letters to the British, urging them to look to their own defence.

The temple seems to have been burnt again during the Third Sacred War ( 355 – 346 BCE ), and was in a very dilapidated state when seen by Pausanias in the 2nd century CE, though some restoration, as well as the building of a new temple, was undertaken by Emperor Hadrian.

Baron Haussmann, a long-time prefect of Bordeaux, used Bordeaux's 18th century big-scale rebuilding as a model when he was asked by Emperor Napoleon III to transform a then still quasi-medieval Paris into a " modern " capital that would make France proud.

Not older than the 3rd century is the tradition of the later activity and martyrdom of Barnabas in Cyprus, where his remains are said to have been discovered under the Emperor Zeno.

These mostly range in date from the beginning of the Greek Bronze Age ( about 3200 BC ) to the reign of the Roman Emperor Constantine I in the 4th century AD.

According to the work De Administrando Imperio written by the 10th-century Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII, the Croats had arrived in what is today Croatia in the early 7th century, however that claim is disputed and competing hypotheses date the event between the 6th and the 9th centuries.

In the 2nd century, Pertinax, who shared his birthday, became Emperor, overshadowing commemoration of Claudius.

In the sixth century, the Byzantine Emperor Justinian oversaw the consolidation of Roman civil law.

* Pirro Colonna, 16th century captain under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Emperor Frederick II regained the city and the church by treaty in the 13th century, while he himself was under a ban of excommunication, leading to the curious result of the holiest church in Christianity being laid under interdict.

If the panegyric detailing the ceremony implied that the true center of the Empire was not Rome, but where the Emperor sat ("... the capital of the Empire appeared to be there, where the two emperors met "), it simply echoed what had already been stated by the historian Herodian in the early third century: " Rome is where the emperor is ".

It was typically bestowed on sons-in-law and later sons of the Emperor and, beginning in the 13th century, it was bestowed to foreign princes.

In the 16th century, in the reign of the Mughal Emperor Akbar, his chronicler Abu al-Fazl ibn Mubarak wrote in the famous Ain-i-Akbari:

In Nihon Shoki, a book of Japanese history finished in the eighth century, it is said that the Empire of Japan was founded in 660 BC by Emperor Jimmu.

Basileus appears not to have been used exclusively in the meaning of " emperor " ( and specifically, the Roman / Byzantine emperor ) before the 7th century, although it was a standard informal designation of the Emperor in the Greek-speaking East.

Although the empire was again subdivided and a co-emperor sent to Italy at the end of the fourth century, the office became unitary again only 95 years later at the request of the Roman Senate and following the death of Julius Nepos, last Western Emperor.

As early as the 7th century the word 天皇 ( which can be read either as sumera no mikoto, divine order, or as tennō, Heavenly Emperor, the latter being derived from a Tang Chinese term referring to the Pole star around which all other stars revolve ) began to be used.

Succeeding rulers in Vietnam then continued to use this Emperor title until 1806 when this title was stopped being used for a century.

Modern scholars question the existence of at least the first nine emperors ; and Jimmu's descendant, Emperor Sujin, is the first that, many agree, may have existed, in third or fourth century.

In the 5th century, the Christian historian Socrates Scholasticus described Eusebius as writing for “ rhetorical finish ” and for the “ praises of the Emperor ” rather than the “ accurate statement of facts .” The methods of Eusebius were criticised by Edward Gibbon in the 18th century.

Emperor Kōbun was named the 39th emperor by the Meiji government in 1870 ; and since the late 19th century, he is known by the posthumous name accorded to him by Meiji scholars.

This Nanboku-chō " sovereign " was named after the 10th century Emperor En ' yū and go-( 後 ), translates literally as " later ;" and thus, he may be called the " Later Emperor En ' yū ".