Since electromagnetic radiation is dipole radiation, it is not possible to build an antenna that radiates equally in all directions, although such a hypothetical isotropic antenna is used as a reference to calculate antenna gain.

Since the 1980s, versions for use at microwave frequencies have been made with patch antenna elements mounted in front of a metal surface.

Since a lossless dipole antenna has a gain of 2. 15 dBi, the relation between these units is: gain in dBd = gain in dBi-2. 15 dB.

Since the gain has been measured with respect to this reference antenna, the difference in the gain of the test antenna is often compared to that of the dipole.

Since the signal peaked about every 24 hours, Jansky originally suspected the source of the interference was the Sun crossing the view of his directional antenna.

Since UWB has almost impulse-like channel response, a combination of multiple antenna techniques is preferable as well.

Since the antenna is only required for a few days at Starwisp's launch and again for another few days several decades later to power it while it passes its target, Starwisp probes might be mass-produced and launched by the maser every few days.

Since the size of a directional antenna depends on it being large compared to the wavelength, very directional antennas of this sort are mainly feasible at UHF and microwave frequencies.

Since a ship at sea moves with the water, the antenna needs to be stabilized with reference to the horizon and True North.

Since in a crystal radio all the power comes from the antenna, it is important that the antenna collect as much power from the radio wave as possible.

Since the length of the waves used with crystal radios is very long ( AM broadcast band waves are 182-566 m or 597 – 1857 ft. long ) the antenna is made as long as possible, out of a long wire, in contrast to the whip antennas or ferrite loopstick antennas used in modern radios.

Since this circuit lacked any frequency-selective elements besides the broad resonance of the antenna, it had little ability to reject unwanted stations, so all stations within a wide band of frequencies were heard in the earphone ( in practice the most powerful usually drowns out the others ).

Since 1956, a TDF ( Télédiffusion de France ) antenna is also located there.

Since each terrestrial channel represents a defined frequency, a dedicated commercial-grade receiving antenna is needed for each channel that the cable company wishes to receive and distribute.

Since nodes using directional antennas are nearly invisible to nodes that are not positioned in the direction the antenna is aimed at, directional antennas should be used only for very small networks ( e. g., dedicated point-to-point connections ).

Since the 1970s, one of the major motivations for rectenna research has been to develop a receiving antenna for proposed solar power satellites, which would harvest energy from sunlight in space with solar cells and beam it down to Earth as microwaves to huge rectenna arrays.

Since in a directional antenna only radiation in one direction is wanted, the other end of the helix is terminated in a flat metal sheet or screen reflector to reflect the waves forward.

Since these are no larger than the size of the antenna itself, the combination of whip and radio often functions more as an asymmetrical dipole antenna than as a monopole.

Since the spacecraft was spin-stabilized, the spin resulted in a bias in the Doppler signal due to the spacecraft antenna pattern spinning with respect to the Earth station of 0. 417 Hz ( 27. 3 mm / s ) for the omnidirectional antenna, and − 0. 0172 Hz (− 1. 12 mm / s ) for the medium gain antenna.

Since the Supreme Court's decision of that year this is more doubtful ; ;

( Since the time-span of the nation-state coincides roughly with the separate existence of the United States as an independent entity, it is perhaps natural for Americans to think of the nation as representative of the highest form of order, something permanent and unchanging.

Since it is not far from Viareggio, he will visit Puccini's house, as he never fails to do, to pay his respects to the memory of the composer of La Boheme, which he considers one of Puccini's masterpieces.

Since attack serves to stimulate interest in broadcasts, I added to my opening statement a sentence in which I claimed that German youth seemed to lack the enthusiasm which is a necessary ingredient of anger, and might be classified as uninterested and bored rather than angry.

Since the air is a continuum, the network of communication remains intact regardless of the positions or motions of the points ( the people ) in the net.

Since the hazards of poor communication are so great, p can be justified as a habitable site only on the basis of unusual productivity such as is made available by a waterfall for milling purposes, a mine, or a sugar maple camp.

Since the difficulty of drawing the net is great, we will merely discuss it.

Since a civilizational crisis involves also a crisis in private interests and in the ruling class, reaction is normally found among those who feel themselves to be among the ruling class.

Since civilizational change is the most difficult to perceive and analyze, it seldom is given adequate attention.

Since the slogans have little application to reality and are sanctimonious to boot, the applause is faint even in areas of the world where we should expect to find the greatest affection for free government.

Since more is known about Quiney than about any other acquaintance of Shakespeare in Stratford, his career may be followed to its sudden end in 1602.

Since the great flood of these dystopias has appeared only in the last twelve years, it seems fairly reasonable to assume that the chief impetus was the 1949 publication of Nineteen Eighty-Four, an assumption which is supported by the frequent echoes of such details as Room 101, along with education by conditioning from Brave New World, a book to which science-fiction writers may well have returned with new interest after reading the more powerful Orwell dystopia.

Since Laos is of no more purely military value to Moscow itself than it is to Washington, this approach might be expected to head off Mr. Khrushchev for the moment.

Since little is known about autism, and almost nothing has been written for the layman, we'd like to share one experienced mother's comments.

Since the work is done by hand, the only limitation, it is said, `` is that of human conception ''.

Since the apparatus is new, it requires experimentation and changes in technique.

Since the obvious is not always true, the Republican National Committee wisely analyzed its defeat of last autumn and finds that it occurred, as suspected, in the larger cities.

Since he has just shown who is top dog, he may not be ready to receive this highest honor in the gift of the Soviet people.

Since appeals to morality, to humanity, and to sanity have had such small effect, perhaps our last recourse is the deterrent example.

Since the goal of our international planners is a World Government, this Atlantic Community would mark a giant step in that direction for, once American economic autonomy is absorbed, a larger grouping is a question of time.

Since the 12th century, courts have had parallel and co-equal authority to make law -- " legislating from the bench " is a traditional and essential function of courts, which was carried over into the U. S. system as an essential component of the " judicial power " specified by Article III of the U. S. constitution.

Since the elements can be uniquely sequenced by atomic number, conventionally from lowest to highest ( as in a periodic table ), sets of elements are sometimes specified by such notation as " through ", " beyond ", or " from ... through ", as in " through iron ", " beyond uranium ", or " from lanthanum through lutetium ".

Since the act, amendments must now conform to certain specified provisions in the written portion of the Canadian constitution.

Since Howland Island is uninhabited, no time zone is specified.

Since resistors are specified and manufactured over a very large range of values, the derived units of milliohm ( 1 mΩ

Since all ranks share the same buses, only one rank may be accessed at any given time ; it is specified by activating the corresponding rank's chip select ( CS ) signal.

Since this is a limiting factor a robot may not be able to reach its specified maximum speed for movements over a short distance or a complex path requiring frequent changes of direction.

Since moving a region of text required first removing it from its initial location and then inserting it into its new location various schemes had to be invented to allow for this multi-step process to be specified by the user.

Since the normal is specified directly instead of derived from a height map this method usually leads to more predictable results.

Since every 2-dimensional rotation can be represented by an angle φ, an arbitrary 3-dimensional rotation can be specified by an axis of rotation together with an angle of rotation about this axis.

Since the portion of ISO / IEC 646 shared by all countries ( the " invariant set ") specified only those letters used in the ISO basic Latin alphabet, other countries using additional letters needed to create national variants of ISO 646 to be able to use their native scripts.

Since 1998, a police officer of or above the rank of superintendent may direct that for a specified time in a specified area a police officer may remove a child believed to be absent from a school without authority to that school or to another designated place.

Since its founding, the University's charter specified that the eldest lineal descendent of Cornell is granted a life seat on Cornell University's Board of Trustees, currently Ezra Cornell IV.

Since the abolition of the Legislative Council at the end of 1968, the National Assembly has all the powers to enact laws in the provincial jurisdiction as specified in the Constitution of Canada.

Since not always time orders between all operations of all transactions matter and need to be specified, a schedule is, in general, a partial order between operations rather than a total order ( where order for each pair is determined, as in a list of operations ).

Since many long distance transmission pipelines are designed to have a steel hoop stress of 80 % of specified minimum yield ( SMYS ) at MAOP, this means that the steel is stressed to SMYS and above during the testing, and test sections must be selected to ensure that excessive plastic deformation does not occur.

Since the southern border of the original Mason grant was the Merrimack River, and the Massachusetts charter specified a boundary three miles north of the same river, the claims conflicted, and were eventually brought to the king's attention.

Since ω and g are nondegenerate, each induces a bundle isomorphism TM → T * M, where the first map, denoted φ < sub > ω </ sub >, is given by the interior product φ < sub > ω </ sub >( u ) = < sub > u </ sub > ω = ω ( u, •) and the other, denoted φ < sub > g </ sub >, is given by the analogous operation for g. With this understood, the three structures ( g, ω, J ) form a compatible triple when each structure can be specified by the two others as follows:

Since the amendment of Section 15 of the Universities and University Colleges Act 1971 ( UUCA ) in 1975, students were barred from being members of, and expressing support or opposition to, any political parties or " any organization, body or group of persons which the Minister, after consultation with the Board, has specified in writing to the Vice-Chancellor to be unsuitable to the interests and well-being of the students or the University.

Since Georgia knew of this yet did nothing about it, the U. S. Supreme Court ( which has original jurisdiction in such matters ) granted this land to South Carolina, although the Treaty of Beaufort ( 1787 ) explicitly specified that the river's islands belonged to Georgia.

Since 1981 each directive has specified a transition time of 01: 00 UTC and a start date of the last Sunday in March, but the end dates have differed.

Since the contract had specified that the word " Angola " would be overprinted ( stamped on top of ) the new notes when they reached Lisbon and before transport to Angola, ( they were allegedly for colonial circulation only ) it was not difficult for Reis to convince the London firm that the reuse of existing serial numbers was not a cause for alarm.

Since it is the quantum analog of a classical gate, it is completely specified by its truth table.