* Social capital, the value of social networks to individuals embedded in them

Social capital is defined by Robert D. Putnam as " the collective value of all social networks and species ( who people know ) and the inclinations that arise from these works to do things for each other ( norms of reciprocity ).

Social capital is often hard to define, but to one textbook-Microeconomics in Context-it is:

# Social progress is driven by progress in the material, productive forces a society has at its disposal ( technology, labour, capital goods, etc.

* Social capital

* Social capital

Edwards and Foley, as editors of a special edition of the American Behavioural Scientist on " Social Capital, Civil Society and Contemporary Democracy ", raised two key issues in the study of social capital.

Social capital lends itself to multiple definitions, interpretations, and uses.

Social capital has been used at various times to explain superior managerial performance, improved performance of functionally diverse groups, the value derived from strategic alliances, and enhanced supply chain relations.

In " Social Capital and Development: The Coming Agenda ," Francis Fukuyama points out that there isn't an agreed definition of social capital, so he explains it as " shared norms or values that promote social cooperation, instantiated in actual social relationships " ( Fukuyama, 27 ), and uses this definition throughout this paper.

The Social Capital Foundation ( TSCF ) suggested that social capital should not be mixed up with its manifestations.

In this definition, social capital is a collective mental disposition close to the spirit of community .< ref >" The Social Capital Foundation ", Citizendium, The Citizen Compendium, < http :// en. citizendium. org / wiki / The_Social_Capital_Foundation >.</ ref >

Social Capital Theory gained importance through the integration of classical sociological theory with the description of an intangible form of capital.

' Social capital can only be generated collectively thanks to the presence of communities and social networks, but individuals and groups can use it at the same time.

Social Capitalism posits that a strong social support network for the poor enhances capital output.

Social capital development on the internet via social networking websites such as Facebook or Myspace tends to be bridging capital according to one study, though " virtual " social capital is a new area of research.

Social capital offers a wealth of resources and networks that facilitate political engagement.

Social capital affects health risk behavior in the sense that individuals who are embedded in a network or community rich in support, social trust, information, and norms, have resources that help achieve health goals.

Social capital also encourages social trust and membership.

Social capital is particularly important in terms of education.

Kilpatrick, S & Johns, S & Mulford B 2010, ‘ Social capital, educational institutions and leadership ’, in E Baker, B McGraw & P Peterson ( eds ), The International encyclopedia of education, 3rd edn, Elsevier Science, Oxford, pp. 113-19.

Social capital ( in the institutional Robert Putnam sense ) may also lead to bad outcomes if the political institution and democracy in a specific country is not strong enough and is therefore overpowered by the social capital groups.

Influential to thinkers associated with Postmodernism are Heidegger's critique of the subject-object or sense-knowledge division implicit in Rationalism, Empiricism and Methodological Naturalism, his repudiation of the idea that facts exist outside or separately from the process of thinking and speaking them ( however, Heidegger is not specifically a Nominalist ), his related admission that the possibilities of philosophical and scientific discourse are wrapped up in the practices and expectations of a society and that concepts and fundamental constructs are the expression of a lived, historical exercise rather than simple derivations of external, apriori conditions independent from historical mind and changing experience ( see Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Heinrich von Kleist, Weltanschauung and Social Constructionism ), and his Instrumentalist and Negativist notion that Being ( and, by extension, reality ) is an action, method, tendency, possibility and question rather than a discreet, positive, identifiable state, answer or entity ( see also Process Philosophy, Dynamism, Instrumentalism, Pragmatism and Vitalism ).

Social security may also refer to the action programs of government intended to promote the welfare of the population through assistance measures guaranteeing access to sufficient resources for food and shelter and to promote health and wellbeing for the population at large and potentially vulnerable segments such as children, the elderly, the sick and the unemployed.

* Social action

In Discursive Struggles Within Social Welfare: Restaging Teen Motherhood, Iara Lessa summarizes Foucault's definition of discourse as “ systems of thoughts composed of ideas, attitudes, courses of action, beliefs and practices that systematically construct the subjects and the worlds of which they speak.

* Social action

1 ) The World Social Forum is an open meeting place for reflective thinking, democratic debate of ideas, formulation of proposals, free exchange of experiences and interlinking for effective action, by groups and movements of civil society that are opposed to neo-liberalism and to domination of the world by capital and any form of imperialism, and are committed to building a planetary society directed towards fruitful relationships among Mankind and between it and the Earth.

8 ) The World Social Forum is a plural, diversified, non-confessional, non-governmental and non-party context that, in a decentralized fashion, interrelates organizations and movements engaged in concrete action at levels from the local to the international to build another world.

12 ) As a framework for the exchange of experiences, the World Social Forum encourages understanding and mutual recognition amongst its participant organizations and movements, and places special value on the exchange among them, particularly on all that society is building to center economic activity and political action on meeting the needs of people and respecting nature, in the present and for future generations.

13 ) As a context for interrelations, the World Social Forum seeks to strengthen and create new national and international links among organizations and movements of society, that, in both public and private life, will increase the capacity for non-violent social resistance to the process of dehumanization the world is undergoing and to the violence used by the State, and reinforce the humanizing measures being taken by the action of these movements and organizations.

Some credit this meeting of World Social Forum for the connections that made the global day of action on February 15, 2003 so successful.

In his 1936 paper, " The Unanticipated Consequences of Purposive Social Action ", Merton tried to apply a systematic analysis to the problem of " unanticipated consequences " of " purposive social action ".

It has taken the lead in calling for a South Asian Free Trade Agreement, the formulation of a Social Charter, the initiation of informal political consultations in SAARC forums, the lobbying for greater action on environmental issues, the proposal of numerous human rights measures such as the regional convention on child rights and for setting up a SAARC Human Rights Resource Centre.

* Social Ecology London English study / action group exploring the philosophy of social ecology.

* Locality ( NGO ), UK charity formed in April 2011 as a nationwide network for settlements, development trusts, social action centres and community enterprises, through a merger of the British Association of Settlements and Social Action Centres, and the Development Trusts Association

In the 2002 Congressional midterm elections, Gephardt campaigned on the issues of the economy and Social Security, however the continuing resonance of the September 11 attacks, the momentum for military action against Iraq, and President George W. Bush's popularity lead to Republican gains, with the Democrats losing four House seats.

In their resultant 2008 review article, an integrative Social Identity Model of Collective Action ( SIMCA ) was proposed which accounts for interrelationships among the three predictors as well as their predictive capacities for collective action.

However, in the 1990s with the emergence of the nongovernmental organizations and the New Social Movements ( NSMs ) on a global scale, civil society as a third sector became treated as a key terrain of strategic action to construct ‘ an alternative social and world order .’ Post-modern civil society theory has now largely returned to a more neutral stance, but with marked differences between the study of the phenomena in richer societies and writing on civil society in developing states.

Social movements are a type of group action.

Several working-class ridings which had long voted NDP became disgruntled with the party due to the Social Contract and affirmative action, so they were attracted by Harris ' populism and shifted to the Tories.

* Social movement, a coordinated group action focused on a political or social issue

* Social action

World Jewish Congress conference on the situation of Jews in North Africa, Algiers, 1952The WJC also submitted a memorandum on the problem to the UN Economic and Social Council, asking for urgent action.

Social democratic Shachtmanism, later developed by Shachtman and associated with some members of the Social Democrats, USA, holds Soviet Communist states to be so repressive that that communism must be contained and, when possible, defeated by the collective action of the working class.