* Social capital, the value of social networks to individuals embedded in them

Social capital is defined by Robert D. Putnam as " the collective value of all social networks and species ( who people know ) and the inclinations that arise from these works to do things for each other ( norms of reciprocity ).

" Social capital in action can be seen in all sorts of groups, including neighbors keeping an eye on each other's homes.

Social capital is often hard to define, but to one textbook-Microeconomics in Context-it is:

# Social progress is driven by progress in the material, productive forces a society has at its disposal ( technology, labour, capital goods, etc.

* Social capital

* Social capital

Edwards and Foley, as editors of a special edition of the American Behavioural Scientist on " Social Capital, Civil Society and Contemporary Democracy ", raised two key issues in the study of social capital.

Social capital lends itself to multiple definitions, interpretations, and uses.

Social capital has been used at various times to explain superior managerial performance, improved performance of functionally diverse groups, the value derived from strategic alliances, and enhanced supply chain relations.

In " Social Capital and Development: The Coming Agenda ," Francis Fukuyama points out that there isn't an agreed definition of social capital, so he explains it as " shared norms or values that promote social cooperation, instantiated in actual social relationships " ( Fukuyama, 27 ), and uses this definition throughout this paper.

The Social Capital Foundation ( TSCF ) suggested that social capital should not be mixed up with its manifestations.

In this definition, social capital is a collective mental disposition close to the spirit of community .< ref >" The Social Capital Foundation ", Citizendium, The Citizen Compendium, < http :// en. citizendium. org / wiki / The_Social_Capital_Foundation >.</ ref >

Social Capital Theory gained importance through the integration of classical sociological theory with the description of an intangible form of capital.

' Social capital can only be generated collectively thanks to the presence of communities and social networks, but individuals and groups can use it at the same time.

Social Capitalism posits that a strong social support network for the poor enhances capital output.

Social capital offers a wealth of resources and networks that facilitate political engagement.

Social capital affects health risk behavior in the sense that individuals who are embedded in a network or community rich in support, social trust, information, and norms, have resources that help achieve health goals.

Social capital also encourages social trust and membership.

Social capital is particularly important in terms of education.

Kilpatrick, S & Johns, S & Mulford B 2010, ‘ Social capital, educational institutions and leadership ’, in E Baker, B McGraw & P Peterson ( eds ), The International encyclopedia of education, 3rd edn, Elsevier Science, Oxford, pp. 113-19.

Social capital ( in the institutional Robert Putnam sense ) may also lead to bad outcomes if the political institution and democracy in a specific country is not strong enough and is therefore overpowered by the social capital groups.

The General Social Survey from the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago and the Saguaro Seminar at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University are examples of national community development in the United States.

The Debian Project is governed by the Debian Constitution and the Social Contract which set out the governance structure of the project and explicitly states that the goal of the project is the development of a free operating system.

Many theoretical perspectives attempt to explain development ; among the most prominent are: Jean Piaget's Stage Theory, Lev Vygotsky's Social constructivism ( and its heirs, the Cultural Theory of Development of Michael Cole, and the Ecological Systems Theory of Urie Bronfenbrenner ), Albert Bandura's Social learning theory, and the information processing framework employed by cognitive psychology.

* Lev Vygotsky: Social constructivism, zone of proximal development

As a consequence of the unbalanced social development and the labour movement's continuous position in the political opposition, the Social Democratic Party had gained an absolute majority in the Parliament of Finland, in the general elections of 1916.

Gro Harlem Brundtland () ( born Gro Harlem, 20 April 1939 ) is a Norwegian Social democratic politician, diplomat, and physician, and an international leader in sustainable development and public health.

Social interactionist theory is a claim that language development occurs in the context of social interaction between the developing child and knowledgeable adults who model language usage and " scaffold " the child's attempts to master language.

Social Darwinism is a social theory which holds that Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is a model, not only for the development of biological traits in a population, but also as an application for human social institutions — the existing social institutions being implicitly declared as normative.

" In the United States, political scientists known as " Americanists " look at a variety of data including constitutional development, elections, public opinion and public policy such as Social Security reform ,..... foreign policy, US Congressional committees, and the US Supreme Court — to name only a few issues.

Following this period, there were five paths of development that sprang forth in the Social Sciences, influenced by Comte on other fields.

Social security is a concept enshrined in Article 22 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which states that Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.

The Association of Social Anthropologists discourages this use, asserting :" To describe any living group as ' primitive ' or ' Stone Age ' inevitably implies that they are living representatives of some earlier stage of human development that the majority of humankind has left behind.

Social and economic development indicators were lowest for the departments along the Brazilian border to the northeast.

During the era of the Weimar Republic, Germany became a center of intellectual thought at its universities, and most notably social and political theory ( especially Marxism ) was combined with Freudian psychoanalysis to form the highly influential discipline of Critical Theory — with its development at the Institute for Social Research ( also known as the Frankfurt School ) founded at the University of Frankfurt am Main.

Lynn White Jr., in his book " Medieval Technology and Social Change ", argues the adoption of the stirrup for cavalry was the direct cause for the development of feudalism in the Frankish realm by Charles Martel and his heirs.

Bion's approach is comparable to Social Therapy, first developed in the United States in the late 1970s by Lois Holzman and Fred Newman, which is a group therapy in which practitioners relate to the group, not its individuals, as the fundamental unit of development.

Sen, in fact, has participated in the development of public choice theory, in such works as Collective Choice and Social Welfare.

* A 05 Social Communication Disorder -- an impairment of pragmatics and is diagnosed based on difficulty in the social uses of verbal and nonverbal communication in naturalistic contexts, which affects the development of social relationships and discourse comprehension and cannot be explained by low abilities in the domains of word structure and grammar or general cognitive ability.

Social learning through interactions in early childhood has been seen as a building block for levels of aggression which play a crucial role in the development of peer relationships in middle childhood.

" To promote the research, creation, conservation and transmission of universal knowledge and the cultivation of science, arts and letters ; to contribute to the spiritual and cultural development of the country, in keeping with its traditional historical values ; to train competent graduates and professionals equipped with the knowledge and capacity needed to exercise their respective professions ; to bestow all levels of academic degree, especially that of Bachelor ’ s Degree, Master ’ s Degree and Doctor of Philosophy, and professional degrees in the fields of Juridical Sciences, Health, Economics, Business, Social and Human Resource Administration, the Humanities, Engineering Sciences, Communications, Architecture, Design, Fine Arts and others ".

The Faculty of Health and Social Science also sees to the development of the Brighton and Sussex Medical School, which is a collaborative effort of the Universities of Brighton and Sussex.

With a motto of Self-Discipline and Social Commitment, Tsinghua University describes itself as being dedicated to academic excellence, the well-being of Chinese society and to global development.

10 ) The World Social Forum is opposed to all totalitarian and reductionist views of economy, development and history and to the use of violence as a means of social control by the State.