The Phoenician letter names, in which each letter was associated with a word that begins with that sound, continue to be used to varying degrees in Samaritan, Aramaic, Syriac, Hebrew, Greek and Arabic.

These can range from simple spelling changes and word forms to switching the entire writing system itself, as when Turkey switched from the Arabic alphabet to a Turkish alphabet of Latin origin.

In popular usage, abjads often contain the word " alphabet " in their names, such as " Arabic alphabet " and " Phoenician alphabet ".

The name " abjad " is derived from the Arabic word for alphabet.

In Arabic, " A " (), " B " (), "" (), " D " () make the word " abjad " which means " alphabet ".

The word used in the Arabic language for allegiance is bay ' at ( Arabic: بيعة ), which means " taking hand ".

Hazred could come from the Persian or Arabic word " Hazrat " meaning Great Lord with a twist that makes it sound like " red " and " hazard " both indicative of danger.

The English word amber derives from the Arabic anbar, via Medieval Latin ambar and Old French ambre.

Known to the Iranians by the Pahlavi compound word kah-ruba ( from kah “ straw ” plus rubay “ attract, snatch ,” referring to its electrical properties ), which entered Arabic as kahraba ' or kahraba, it too was called amber in Europe ( Old French and Middle English ambre ).

The modern name for amber is thought to come from the Arabic word, ambar, meaning ambergris.

Both printed and written Arabic are cursive, with most of the letters within a word directly connected to the adjacent letters.

The word " alkali " is derived from Arabic al qalīy ( or alkali ), meaning the calcined ashes ( see calcination ), referring to the original source of alkaline substances.

The word assassin is often believed to derive from the word Hashshashin ( Persian: حش ّ اشين, ħashshāshīyīn, also Hashishin, Hashashiyyin, or Assassins ), and shares its etymological roots with hashish ( or ; from Arabic: ).

The name boron originates from the Arabic word buraq or the Persian word burah ; which are names for the mineral borax.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word baroque is derived from the Portuguese word " barroco ", Spanish " barroco ", or French " baroque ", all of which refer to a " rough or imperfect pearl ", though whether it entered those languages via Latin, Arabic, or some other source is uncertain.

The word alchemy in turn is derived from the Arabic word al-kīmīā ( الكيمياء ), meaning alchemy.

The word " cipher " in former times meant " zero " and had the same origin: Middle French as < span lang =" fr "> cifre </ span > and Medieval Latin as cifra, from the Arabic صفر ṣifr = zero ( see Zero — Etymology ).

Dr. Al-Kadi concluded that the Arabic word sifr, for the digit zero, developed into the European technical term for encryption.

Like several other stars such as Denebola and Deneb, it is named for the Arabic word for " tail " ( deneb ); its traditional name means " the tail of the kid ".

The traditional names of α Capricorni come from the Arabic word for " the kid ", which references the constellation's mythology.

Most of the still extant works of Aristotle, as well as a number of the original Greek commentaries, were translated into Arabic and studied by Muslim philosophers, scientists and scholars.

Another possibility, raised in an essay by the Swedish fantasy writer and editor Rickard Berghorn, is that the name Alhazred was influenced by references to two historical authors whose names were Latinized as Alhazen: Alhazen ben Josef, who translated Ptolemy into Arabic ; and Abu ' Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham, who wrote about optics, mathematics and physics.

In 825 Al-Khwārizmī wrote a treatise in Arabic, On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals, which was translated into Latin from Arabic in the 12th century as Algoritmi de numero Indorum.

* c. 1283: The game of astronomical tables, from Libro de los juegos Alfonso X of Castile in Spain commissioned Libro de ajedrez, dados, y tablas ( Libro de los Juegos ( The Book of Games )) translated into Castilian from Arabic and added illustrations with the goal of perfecting the work.

He composed about 200 songs, some of which were translated into a variety of languages including English, Japanese, Greek, Italian, Bulgarian, Romanian, Persian, Urdu and Arabic.

When the Greek astronomer Ptolemy's Almagest was translated from Greek to Arabic, the translator Johannitius ( following Alberuni ) did not know the Greek word and rendered it as the nearest-looking Arabic word, writing العصى ذات الكلاب in ordinary unvowelled Arabic text " al -` aşā dhāt al-kullāb ", which means " the spearshaft having a hook ".

When the Arabic text was translated into Latin, the translator Gerard of Cremona ( probably in Spain ) mistook the Arabic word كلاب for kilāb ( the plural of كلب kalb ), meaning " dogs ", writing hastile habens canes (" spearshaft having dogs ").

Caliph is translated from the Arabic word khalifa ( /) meaning " successor ", " substitute ", or " lieutenant ".

Saadia Gaon, who translated it into Arabic in the 9th century, ascribed it to the Maccabees themselves, disputed by some, since it gives dates as so many years before the destruction of the second temple in 70 CE.

The name is commonly translated as " harbor / haven of peace " or " abode / home of peace ", based on the Persian / Arabic bandar (" harbor ") or the Arabic dar (" house "), and the Arabic es salaam (" of peace ") ( cf.

" The original work was also translated into Syriac, and lengthy quotations exist in a catena in that language, and also in Coptic and Arabic catenas.

* Miguel de Cervantes claims that all chapters but the first in Don Quixote are translated from an Arabic manuscript by Cide Hamete Benengeli, parodying a plot device of chivalry books.

His Almagest was written in Greek and only translated into Latin in the 11th century from Arabic translations.

One such Arabic grimoire devoted to astral magic, the 12th century Ghâyat al-Hakîm fi ' l-sihr, was later translated into Latin and circulated in Europe during the 13th century under the name of the Picatrix.

In the Abbasid period ( after 750 AD ) Arab Muslims began to be interested in Greek scientific and medical texts for the first time, and had some of Galen's texts translated into Arabic, often by Syrian Christian scholars ( see below ).

Frequently this was in the form of restating and reinterpreting, such as in Magnus of Nisibis ' 4th-century work on urine, which was in turn translated into Arabic.

Hunayn translated ( c. 830 – 870 ) 129 works of " Jalinos " into Arabic.

Constantine the African was amongst those who translated both Hippocrates and Galen from Arabic.

Some Muslim scholars, have noted the similarity to the Greek " peryklytos " which can be translated as " admirable one "; or in Arabic, " Ahmad ".

For example, to correctly display the for an English name brand ( LTR ) in an Arabic ( RTL ) passage, an LRM mark is inserted after the trademark symbol if the symbol is not followed by LTR text.

Andreas Köstenberger states that the fact that the 10th century Arabic version of the Testimonium ( discovered in the 1970s ) lacks distinct Christian terminology while sharing the essential elements of the passage indicates that the Greek Testimonium has been subject to interpolation.

Blomberg adds that after the removal of these three elements ( which are likely interpolations ) from the Greek versions the remaining passage fits well with the Arabic version and supports the authenticity of the reference to the execution of Jesus by Pilate.

This passage from Pirqei R. Eliezer, a writing which was composed in Israel after the Islamic conquest, is paralleled in an Arabic text of approximately the same period but gives some noticeably different information.

The narrow passage, which subsequently became known as the serdab ( Arabic for passage ), was similarly lined with masonry, but partly blocked up.

Dawda from an early age attended the local Arabic schools to memorize the Quran, a rite of passage for many Gambian children.

In the Arabic letter the name of the deity has been replaced by Allah ... Another passage in the account of the palace of Shoshan or Sus, gives a description of the large silver jars, which were alleged to have capacity of three hundred and sixty measures of wine.

Examples of the language from the books are actually a mixture of Roma ( or gypsy ) language, from a gypsy magic textbook Herbert used for reference, one sentence in Serbo-Croat and various Arabic terms, with definitions altered slightly to suggest the passage of time.

Martin Plessner suggests that a translator of the Picatrix established a medieval definition of scientific experiment by changing a passage in the Hebrew translation of the Arabic original, establishing a theoretical basis for the experimental method: " the invention of an hypothesis in order to explain a certain natural process, then the arranging of conditions under which that process may intentionally be brought about in accordance with the hypothesis, and finally, the justification or refutation of the hypothesis, depending on the outcome of the experiment ".

The original passage in Arabic describes how a man who witnessed a treatment for a scorpion's sting ( drinking a potion of frankincense that had received seal imprints ) had gone on to experiment with different types of frankincense, assuming that this was the cause for the cure, but later found that the seal images were the cause, regardless of the substance upon which they were impressed.