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The ElGamal cryptosystem, invented by Taher ElGamal.
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ElGamal and cryptosystem
The ElGamal cryptosystem is usually used in a hybrid cryptosystem.
I. e., the message itself is encrypted using a symmetric cryptosystem and ElGamal is then used
In the ElGamal cryptosystem, a plaintext is encrypted as, where is the public key.
Cunningham chains are now considered useful in cryptographic systems since " they provide two concurrent suitable settings for the ElGamal cryptosystem ... can be implemented in any field where the discrete logarithm problem is difficult.
In 1985, Elgamal published a paper titled A Public key Cryptosystem and A Signature Scheme based on discrete Logarithms in which he proposed the design of the ElGamal discrete log cryptosystem and of the ElGamal signature scheme.
* LUC is a public-key cryptosystem based on Lucas sequences that implements the analogs of ElGamal ( LUCELG ), Diffie-Hellman ( LUCDIF ), and RSA ( LUCRSA ).
ElGamal and invented
The ElGamal signature scheme must not be confused with ElGamal encryption which was also invented by Taher ElGamal.
ElGamal and by
PGP 3 introduced use of the CAST-128 ( a. k. a. CAST5 ) symmetric key algorithm, and the DSA and ElGamal asymmetric key algorithms, all of which were unencumbered by patents.
It was described by Taher ElGamal in 1984.
ElGamal and .
Some special and specific algorithms have been developed to aid in attacking some public key encryption algorithms-both RSA and ElGamal encryption have known attacks that are much faster than the brute-force approach.
In cryptography, the ElGamal encryption system is an asymmetric key encryption algorithm for public-key cryptography which is based on the Diffie – Hellman key exchange.
ElGamal encryption is used in the free GNU Privacy Guard software, recent versions of PGP, and other cryptosystems.
The Digital Signature Algorithm is a variant of the ElGamal signature scheme, which should not be confused with ElGamal encryption.
ElGamal encryption can be defined over any cyclic group.
ElGamal encryption consists of three components: the key generator, the encryption algorithm, and the decryption algorithm.
The security of the ElGamal scheme depends on the properties of the underlying group as well as any padding scheme used on the messages.
ElGamal achieves semantic security.
ElGamal encryption is unconditionally malleable, and therefore is not secure under chosen ciphertext attack.
Other schemes related to ElGamal which achieve security against chosen ciphertext attacks have also been proposed.
ElGamal encryption is probabilistic, meaning that a single plaintext can be encrypted to many possible ciphertexts, with the consequence that a general ElGamal encryption produces a 2: 1 expansion in size from plaintext to ciphertext.
Encryption under ElGamal requires two exponentiations ; however, these exponentiations are independent of the message and can be computed ahead of time if need be.
DSA is a variant of the ElGamal Signature Scheme.
DSA is similar to the ElGamal signature scheme.
cryptosystem and invented
He co-invented the Merkle – Hellman knapsack cryptosystem, Merkle – Damgård construction, and invented Merkle trees.
The Merkle – Hellman knapsack cryptosystem was one of the earliest public key cryptosystems invented by Ralph Merkle and Martin Hellman in 1978.
In 1979, Rabin invented the Rabin cryptosystem, the first asymmetric cryptosystem whose security was proved equivalent to the intractability of integer factorization.
The Paillier cryptosystem, named after and invented by Pascal Paillier in 1999, is a probabilistic asymmetric algorithm for public key cryptography.
cryptosystem and by
An asymmetric-key cryptosystem was published in 1976 by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman who, influenced by Ralph Merkle's work on public-key distribution, disclosed a method of public-key agreement.
Most are used in hybrid cryptosystems for reasons of efficiency-in such a cryptosystem, a shared secret key (" session key ") is generated by one party, and this much briefer session key is then encrypted by each recipient's public key.
In cryptography, Kerckhoffs's principle ( also called Kerckhoffs's Desiderata, Kerckhoffs's assumption, axiom, or law ) was stated by Auguste Kerckhoffs in the 19th century: A cryptosystem should be secure even if everything about the system, except the key, is public knowledge.
In cryptography, a timing attack is a side channel attack in which the attacker attempts to compromise a cryptosystem by analyzing the time taken to execute cryptographic algorithms.
* An asymmetric-key cryptosystem is published by Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman who disclose the Diffie – Hellman key exchange method of public-key agreement for public-key cryptography.
Attempts to break a cryptosystem by deceiving or coercing people with legitimate access are not typically called side-channel attacks: see social engineering and rubber-hose cryptanalysis.
In all cases, the underlying principle is that physical effects caused by the operation of a cryptosystem ( on the side ) can provide useful extra information about secrets in the system, for example, the cryptographic key, partial state information, full or partial plaintexts and so forth.
These names were used by Ron Rivest in the 1978 Communications of the ACM article presenting the RSA cryptosystem, and in A Method for Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-Key Cryptosystems published April 4, 1977, revised September 1, 1977 as technical Memo LCS / TM82.
In cryptography, the McEliece cryptosystem is an asymmetric encryption algorithm developed in 1978 by Robert McEliece.
In 2008, Bernstein, Lange and Peters described a practical attack on the original McEliece cryptosystem, based on finding low-weight code words using an algorithm published by Jacques Stern in 1989.
Instead, cryptosystem engineers must ensure that devices ' power variations do not reveal information usable by adversaries.
The notion of security of a cryptosystem is meaningful only with respect to particular attacks ( usually presumed to be carried out by particular sorts of adversaries ).
In cryptography, Merkle's Puzzles is an early construction for a public-key cryptosystem, a protocol devised by Ralph Merkle in 1974 and published in 1978.
The underlying cryptosystem is IND-CPA ( and thus semantically secure under chosen plaintext attack ) if the adversary cannot determine which of the two messages was chosen by the oracle, with probability significantly greater than ( the success rate of random guessing ).
It has been largely superseded by the Miller – Rabin primality test, but has great historical importance in showing the practical feasibility of the RSA cryptosystem.
The Kushilevitz and Ostrovsky protocol is based on the Goldwasser – Micali cryptosystem while the protocol by Lipmaa is based on the Damgård – Jurik cryptosystem.
Developed by Ronald Cramer and Victor Shoup in 1998, it is an extension of the Elgamal cryptosystem.
Kleptographic attacks can be constructed as a cryptotrojan that infects a cryptosystem and opens a backdoor for the attacker, or can be implemented by the manufacturer of a cryptosystem.
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