He also met Count Rumford ( born Benjamin Thompson in Woburn, Mass. ) who was then serving the Elector of Bavaria, and the physicist Ritter ; ;

* 1573 – Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria ( d. 1651 )

John XXIII was acknowledged as pope by France, England, Bohemia, Prussia, Portugal, parts of the Holy Roman Empire, and numerous Northern Italian city states, including Florence and Venice ; however, the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII was regarded as pope by the Kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, and Scotland and Gregory XII was still favored by Ladislaus of Naples, Carlo I Malatesta, the princes of Bavaria, Louis III, Elector Palatine, and parts of Germany and Poland.

He was the fifth but third surviving son of Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony, and Maria Antonia of Bavaria.

The dangers to Vienna were considerable: the Elector of Bavaria and Marshal Marsin's forces in Bavaria threatened from the west, and Marshal Vendôme's large army in northern Italy posed a serious danger with a potential offensive through the Brenner Pass.

The previous year had been one of success for France and her allies, most particularly on the Danube, where Marshal Villars and the Elector of Bavaria had created a direct threat to Vienna, the Habsburg capital.

But when I come there, to write to the Dutch States that I think it absolutely necessary for the saving of the Empire to march with the troops under my command and to join with those that are in Germany ... in order to make measures with Prince Lewis of Baden for the speedy reduction of the Elector of Bavaria.

Marsin had been operating with the Elector of Bavaria against the Imperial commander, Prince Louis of Baden, and was somewhat isolated from France: his only lines of communication lay through the rocky passes of the Black Forest.

This had two aims: firstly to put pressure on the Elector to fight or come to terms before Tallard arrived with reinforcements ; and secondly, to ruin Bavaria as a base from which the French and Bavarian armies could attack Vienna, or pursue the Duke into Franconia if, at some stage, he had to withdraw northwards.

Despite being offered the chance to remain as ruler of Bavaria ( under strict terms of an alliance with Austria ), the Elector left his country and family in order to continue the war against the Allies from the Spanish Netherlands where he still held the post of governor-general.

Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, ( 1662-1726 ) by Joseph Vivien.

It was not an unnatural decision: his cousin, Louis of Baden, was already a leading general in the Imperial army, as was a more distant cousin, Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria.

The Elector of Bavaria was Eugene's early mentor before becoming his opponent in the War of the Spanish Succession.

Austria itself was now facing the direct threat of invasion from across the border in Bavaria where the state's Elector, Maximilian Emanuel, had declared for the Bourbons in August the previous year.

But the Austrian monarchy faced severe peril on several fronts in 1703: by June the Duke of Villars had reinforced the Elector of Bavaria on the Danube thus posing a direct threat to Vienna, while Vendôme remained at the head a large army in northern Italy opposing Guido Starhemberg's weak Imperial force.

Other electors were added in the 17th century, including the Duke of Bavaria ( referred to as the Elector of Bavaria — replacing the Count Palatine of the Rhine, who was of the same family but had lost his title and vote temporarily during the Thirty Years ' War ), and the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( the Elector of Hanover-an office subsequently held by three Hanoverian kings of Great Britain, George I, George II, and George III ).

The Elector Palatine's seat was conferred on the Duke of Bavaria, the head of a junior branch of his family.

Since the Elector of Bavaria retained his seat, the number of electors increased to eight ; the two Wittelsbach lines now sufficiently estranged so as not to pose a combined potential threat.

In 1706, the Elector of Bavaria and Archbishop of Cologne were banned during the War of the Spanish Succession, but both were restored in 1714 after the Peace of Baden.

In 1777, the number of electors was reduced to eight when the Elector Palatine inherited Bavaria.

In 1792, the King of Bohemia held three votes, the Elector of Bavaria six votes, the Elector of Brandenburg eight votes, and the Elector of Hanover six votes.

Accordingly the request was granted, but the Elector himself, who had not been consulted by his mother, rejected the proposal and recalled his agent Schutz, whose impolitic handling of the affair had caused the Hanoverian interest to suffer and had made Oxford's dismissal more likely than ever.

He was raised for a career in the Church and spent some time at the court of Hermann IV of Hesse, Elector of Cologne, who appointed him canon of the Cologne Cathedral.

This provision was repealed in 1716, at the request of George I, who was also the Elector of Hanover and Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg of the Holy Roman Empire, and so frequently needed and wanted to stay in Hanover.

Frederick William, known as the " Great Elector ", who had succeeded his father George William as ruler in 1640, initiated a policy of promoting immigration and religious tolerance.

The French commanders were, however, divided as to how to utilise the Nebel: Tallard's tactic – opposed by Marsin and the Elector who felt it better to close their infantry right up to the stream itself – was to lure the allies across before unleashing their cavalry upon them, causing panic and confusion ; whilst the enemy was struggling in the marshes, they would be caught in crossfire from Blenheim and Oberglauheim.

The French and Bavarians, however, were almost as disordered as their opponents, and they too were in need of inspiration from their commander, the Elector, who was seen – " ... riding up and down, and inspiring his men with fresh courage.

This was potentially dangerous for the Allied infantry who would then be at the mercy of the Elector ’ s Bavarian and Walloon squadrons patiently waiting on the plateau for the order to move.

The last actual bishop was Matthias von Jagow ( d. 1544 ), who took the side of the Reformation, married, and in every way furthered the undertakings of Elector Joachim II.

Some notable collectors were Pope Boniface VIII, Emperor Maximilian of the Holy Roman Empire, Louis XIV of France, Ferdinand I, Henry IV of France and Elector Joachim II of Brandenburg, who started the Berlin Coin Cabinet ( German: Münzkabinett Berlin ).

His father was the only son of the Elector Frederick Christian of Saxony who left surviving male issue.

In 1525, he combined with his Lutheran son-in-law, Landgrave Philip of Hesse, and his cousin, the Elector Frederick the Wise, to suppress the revolt of the peasants, who were defeated near Frankenhausen in Thuringia.

In 1692, as a result of the inheritance of the Palatinate by a Catholic branch of the Wittelsbach family, which threatened to upset the religious balance of the College of Electors, the number of electors was increased to nine, with a seat being granted to the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, who became known as the Elector of Hanover ( the Reichstag officially confirmed the creation in 1708 ).

About the same time he was sent for by Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, to be minister of the French church at Berlin ; the electoral summons found Abbadie at Paris, and it was conveyed through the Count d ' Espense, who had been commissioned by his master to make the selection.

After the Elector of Trier had demanded that the townsmen turn a Lutheran preacher out of the town, a board made up of townsmen who were ineligible for council functions handed the council a 30-point comprehensive list of demands on 24 May.

In the year 1620, Maria Eleonora married the Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus with her mother's consent, but against the will of her brother George William, Elector of Brandenburg, who has just succeeded her father.

The new Elector, George William, who resided in Prussia, was appalled when he heard of his mother's independent action.

The biggest of these was Friedrichstadt, just south west of the historic core of Berlin, begun in 1688 and named after new Elector Frederick William III, who later became King Frederick I of Prussia.

The decision, therefore, fell to Innocent, who designated Joseph Clement as Archbishop and Elector of Cologne.

Sophia, a granddaughter of James VI and I, died less than two months before she would have become queen ; her claim to the thrones passed on to her eldest son, George Louis, Elector of Hanover, who ascended them as George I on 1 August 1714 Old Style.

On 30 September 1658, she married Ernest Augustus, Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg, at Heidelberg, who in 1692 became the first Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg.

* September 11 – Thirty Years ' War: As a result of Tilly's invasion, John George, Elector of Saxony, who had until now stayed neutral, allies with Gustav Adolf of Sweden in order to drive the Imperial army out of Saxony.