* Reflector ( cipher machine ), a component of some rotor machines ( a type of cipher machine ), such as the Enigma machine, that sends electrical impulses that have reached it from the machine's rotors, back in reverse order through those rotors

For the next several years, until he left his position in Germany, he met with French agents at various European cities and supplied them copies of the Enigma machine's instruction manual, operating procedures, and lists of key settings.

Zygalski's device comprised a set of 26 perforated sheets for each of the, initially, six possible sequences for inserting the three rotors into the Enigma machine's scrambler.

Enigma in use, 1943

On board is the latest Enigma cryptography machine which Allied cryptographers later use to break coded German messages.

Former Bletchley Park mathematician-cryptologist Gordon Welchman has written: " Ultra would never have gotten off the ground if we had not learned from the Poles, in the nick of time, the details both of the German military Enigma machine, and of the operating procedures that were in use.

Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security presented by using large codebooks for cryptography with the use of ciphering machines, the most well known being the German Enigma machine.

On board is the latest Enigma cryptography machine, which Allied cryptographers later use to break coded German messages.

The original Enigma school building was still in use as part of the elementary school when it burned in October 1973.

Edward Elgar attempts to use the timpani to imitate the engine of an ocean liner in his " Enigma " Variations by requesting the timpanist play a soft roll with snare drum sticks.

The Battle of Crete was unprecedented in three respects: it was not only the first battle where the German paratroops ( Fallschirmjäger ) were used on a massive scale, but also the first mainly airborne invasion in military history ; the first time the Allies made significant use of intelligence from the deciphered German Enigma code ; and the first time invading German troops encountered mass resistance from a civilian population.

PURPLE, unlike the German Enigma or the Hebern design, did not use rotors but stepper switches like those in automated telephone exchanges.

The German Navy adopted Enigma in 1926, and the German Army began to use a different variant around 1928.

This unusual device is inspired by Enigma, but makes use of 40-point rotors, allowing letters, numbers and some punctuation ; each rotor contains 509 parts.

However, although one could use a Mealy model to describe the Enigma, the state diagram would be too complex to provide feasible means of designing complex ciphering machines.

The function of the bombe was to discover some of the daily settings of the Enigma machines on the various German military networks: specifically, the set of rotors in use and their positions in the machine ; the rotor core start positions for the message — the message key — and one of the wirings of the plugboard.

Former Bletchley Park mathematician-cryptologist Gordon Welchman has written: " Ultra high-grade signals intelligence would never have gotten off the ground if we had not learned from the Poles, in the nick of time, the details both of the German military ... Enigma machine, and of the operating procedures that were in use.

The German Army Enigma symmetric encryption key was a mixed type early in its use ; the key was a combination of secretly distributed key schedules and a user chosen session key component for each message.

Firstly, there is the identification of the system in use, in this case Enigma ; secondly, breaking the system by establishing exactly how encryption takes place, and thirdly, setting, which involves finding the way that the machine was set up for an individual message, i. e. the message key.

The person decoding a cipher message would use an Enigma with identical settings.

Enigma, Georgia, is a small town in South Georgia located in the northwest tip of Berrien County, nine miles east of Tifton, on Highway 82.

The core group was the small number of cryptanalysts trying to crack the Enigma machine ; at the beginning, this group consisted of no more than ten people, with Knox and Twinn in charge.

The small cast film follows Herzog and his crew ( Gabriel Beristain, Russell Williams II ) while working on the production of an abandoned movie project on the Loch Ness Monster entitled Enigma of Loch Ness.

Feeding these back to Hut 8 provided excellent cribs for breaking the current naval Enigma key.

For instance, the Abwehr ( the German military intelligence service ) used a four-rotor machine without a plugboard, and Naval Enigma used different key management from that of the Army or Air Force, making its traffic far more difficult to cryptanalyse.

In fact, operational errors, chiefly in key choice, made the system less secure than it could have been ; in that way the Purple code shared the fate of the German Enigma machine.

In comparison, the Enigma rotated its rotors one position with each key press, a much less random movement.

The German Enigma used a combination key to control the operation of the machine: rotor order, which rotors to install, which ring setting for each rotor, which initial setting for each rotor, and the settings of the stecker plugboard.

German Enigma operators were issued lists of these keys, one key for each day.

Polish cryptologists, some of whom were brilliant, handed over to their British colleagues key information about Enigma, including replica machines.

Unlike the German Army and Airforce Enigma procedures, the Grundstellung was provided by key lists, and so was the same for all messages on a particular day ( or pair of days ).

The book discusses key episodes of 20th-century espionage and cryptology involving the Zimmermann telegram ; Enigma decryption and " Ultra "; the Battle of the Atlantic ; Erwin Rommel ; the Colossus computer ; Frank Rowlett and Japan's Purple cipher ; Allied Operation Overlord deceptions ; World War II spies and spy organizations ; Rudolf Roessler and the Lucy Spy Ring ; Takeo Yoshikawa and Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor ; Joseph J. Rochefort and the Battle of Midway ; Richard Sorge ; Donald Maclean ; Klaus Fuchs ; Venona ; Oleg Penkovsky ; and Ryszard Kukliński.

Geographer and historian David Harvey in a series of works from the 1970s onwards ( Social Justice and the City, 1973 ; The Limits to Capital, 1982 ; The Urbanization of Capital, 1985 ; Spaces of Hope, 2000 ; Spaces of Capital, 2001 ; Spaces of Neoliberalization, 2005 ; The Enigma of Capital and the Crises of Capitalism, 2010 ), elaborated Marx's thought on the systemic contradictions of capitalism, particularly in relation to the production of the urban environment ( and to the production of space more broadly ).

The tallest space shot in the world is the La Venganza del Enigma in Warner Bros. Movie World Madrid ( 115m )

Along the way, Drake makes many friends, including Farli, Karzak, and Dombur the dwarves ; the great dragon Vermatrix ; the elf Enigma ; and the mysterious Wahooka, the King of goblin.

The Americans are able to take the boat by force, capture the Enigma and begin rounding up the prisoners, including the Captain.

Using the knowledge that the first three letters of a message were the same as the second three, Polish mathematician – cryptologist Marian Rejewski was able to determine the internal wirings of the Enigma machine and thus to reconstruct the logical structure of the device.

On that date, the Germans introduced rotors IV and V, thus increasing the labor of making the sheets tenfold, since ten times as many sheets were now needed ( for the now 60 possible combinations of sequences, in an Enigma machine, of 3 rotors selected from among the now 5 ).

The Polish cryptologists and commanders were thus regularly able to look over the shoulders of the Bolshevik commanders, including Mikhail Tukhachevski himself, and their superior, Leon Trotsky .< sup > 1 </ sup > ( In this regard, the Red Army repeated mistakes that had been made in World War I by its Tsarist predecessor vis-a-vis the German Army, and that had contributed fundamentally to the Russian 1914 defeat at Tannenberg .< sup > 2 </ sup >) Poland's cryptological achievements in the Polish-Soviet War were a prelude to the spectacular achievements of her General Staff's Cipher Bureau ( Biuro Szyfrów ), from December 1932, in decrypting German Enigma machine ciphers.

When on board the ' survivors ' would then kill the German crew, and hijack the ship, thus obtaining the Enigma documentation.

He devised a number of techniques for breaking German ciphers, including the method of the bombe, an electromechanical machine that could find settings for the Enigma machine.

During the Second World War, Bletchley Park was the site of the United Kingdom's main decryption establishment, the Government Code and Cypher School ( GC & CS ), where ciphers and codes of several Axis countries were decrypted, most importantly the ciphers generated by the German Enigma and Lorenz machines.

Early work on Enigma was performed here by Dilly Knox, John R. F.

Both of the two German electro-mechanical rotor machines whose signals were decrypted at Bletchley Park, Enigma and the Lorenz Cipher ', were virtually unbreakable if properly used.

The Germans progressively increased the security of Enigma networks, which required additional cryptographic developments by GC & CS.

A major setback was caused by the German Navy introducing the four-rotor Enigma used for communicating with U-boats.

In the case of non-naval Enigma, deciphering was performed in Hut 6, and translation indexing and cross-referencing with existing information, in Hut 3.

A similar situation existed for naval Enigma messages.

This sometimes carried messages that were also sent on an Enigma network.

The Theory That Would Not Die: How Bayes ' Rule Cracked The Enigma Code, Hunted Down Russian Submarines, & Emerged Triumphant from Two Centuries of Controversy.

In 1929 the Polish mathematician Marian Rejewski, who would solve the German Enigma cipher machine in December 1932, began studying actuarial statistics at Göttingen.

* Alan Turing: The Enigma by Andrew Hodges.

The band released Total Devo in 1988 on Enigma Records.

An Enigma machine is any of a family of related electro-mechanical rotor cipher machines used for the encryption and decryption of secret messages.

Enigma was invented by German engineer Arthur Scherbius at the end of World War I.

* Andrew Hodges, Alan Turing: The Enigma, Simon and Schuster, New York, 1983.

* Toulmin, Stephen, " Fall of a Genius ", a book review of " Alan Turing: The Enigma by Andrew Hodges ", in The New York Review of Books, 19 January 1984, p. 3ff.

The Neanderthal Enigma: Solving the Mystery of Modern Human Origins.

During the Second World War, GCCS was based largely at Bletchley Park in present-day Milton Keynes working on, most famously, the German Enigma machine and Lorenz ciphers, but also a large number of other systems.

The German encryption machine, Enigma, was attacked with the help of electro-mechanical machines called bombes.

They ruled out possible Enigma settings by performing chains of logical deductions implemented electrically.

The Germans also developed a series of teleprinter encryption systems, quite different from Enigma.