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The Etruscan alphabet employs a Euboean variant of the Greek alphabet using the letter digamma and was in all probability transmitted through Pithecusae and Cumae, two Euboean settlements in southern Italy.
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Etruscan and alphabet
An inscription found on Lemnos in 1886, is in an alphabet practically identical to that of Etruscan.
The Latin script owes its existence to the Etruscan alphabet, which was adapted for Latin in the form of the Old Italic alphabet.
In the tables below, conventional letters used for transliterating Etruscan are accompanied by likely pronunciation in IPA symbols within the square brackets, followed by examples of the early Etruscan alphabet which would have corresponded to these sounds:
In this function, it was borrowed in the 8th century BC by the Etruscan and other Old Italic alphabets, which were based on the Euboean form of the Greek alphabet.
The Etruscan alphabet was in turn adopted and further modified by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language.
From the Cumae alphabet, the Etruscan alphabet was derived and the Romans eventually adopted 21 of the original 26 Etruscan letters:
* Etruscan alphabet
Rome adopts the Etruscan alphabet, which the Etruscans themselves had adopted from the Greeks.
Old Italic is any of several now extinct alphabet systems used on the Italian Peninsula in ancient times for various Indo-European languages ( predominantly Italic ) and non-Indo-European ( e. g. Etruscan ) languages.
Faliscan, Oscan, Umbrian, North Picene, and South Picene all derive from an Etruscan form of the alphabet.
Etruscan cippus ( grave marker ) from the necropolis Crocifisso del Tufo outside Orvieto, Italy, side view showing the inscription in the Old Italic ( Etruscan ) alphabet.
The earliest Etruscan abecedarium, the Marsiliana d ' Albegna ( near Grosseto ) tablet which dates to c. 700 BC, lists 26 letters corresponding to contemporary forms of the Greek alphabet which retained san and qoppa but which had not yet developed omega.
Comparison of the Western Greek alphabet with archaic and classical Etruscan variants.
The Etruscan civilization was responsible for much of the Greek culture imported into early Republican Rome, including the twelve Olympian gods, the growing of olives and grapes, the Latin alphabet ( adapted from the Greek alphabet ), and architecture like the arch, sewerage and drainage systems.
By the time it was attested for in general use in the 8th century BC it was already divided into a western and eastern variety, from which the Etruscan / Latin alphabets and the later Greek alphabet came respectively.
As the Etruscan alphabet had no ' G ', Tages is most likely to be a Latinization of an Etruscan word.
Etruscan and Euboean
The inscriptions are in an alphabet similar to that used to write the Etruscan language and the older Phrygian inscriptions, all derived from Euboean scripts ( Western Greek alphabet, alphabets of Asia Minor ).
Etruscan and variant
The mediaeval lituus was a different brass instrument than the ancient Etruscan instrument, described by Kürzinger ( 1763 ) as a variant of the early trumpet or horn, i. e. a later development of the ancient Roman tuba.
Which variant of the Old Italic family in particular gave rise to the runes is uncertain, suggestions include Raetic, Etruscan, or Old Latin as candidates.
It is clear that in the centuries leading up to Roman imperial times, the Raetians had at least come under Etruscan influence, as the Raetic inscriptions are written in what appears to be a northern variant of the Etruscan alphabet.
A variant of the early Greek alphabet gave rise to the Etruscan alphabet, and its own descendants, such as the Latin alphabet.
Etruscan and Greek
This Greek abacus saw use in Achaemenid Persia, the Etruscan civilization, Ancient Rome and, until the French Revolution, the Western Christian world.
Since some of the Roman months were named in honor of divinities, and as April was sacred to the goddess Venus, the Festum Veneris et Fortunae Virilis being held on the first day, it has been suggested that Aprilis was originally her month Aphrilis, from her equivalent Greek goddess name Aphrodite ( Aphros ), or from the Etruscan name Apru.
Another non-Greek etymology suggested by M. Hammarström, looks to Etruscan, comparing ( e ) pruni " lord ", an Etruscan honorific loaned into Greek as πρύτανις.
In Greek mythology, Daedalus ( Latin, also Hellenized Latin Daedalos, Greek Daidalos () meaning " cunning worker ", and Etruscan Taitale ) was a skillful craftsman and artisan.
In the 1st century BC, the Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus stated that the Etruscan language was unlike any other.
The phonology is known through the alternation of Greek and Etruscan letters in some inscriptions ( for example, the Iguvine Tables ), and many individual words are known through loans into or from Greek and Latin, as well as explanations of Etruscan words by ancient authors.
The two main theories of manufacture are native Etruscan and Greek.
The engravings, mainly cameo, but sometimes intaglio, depict scarabs at first and then scenes from Greek mythology, often with heroic personages called out in Etruscan.
Vowels " o " and " u " appear to have not been phonetically distinguished based on the nature of the writing system, as only one symbol is used to cover both in loans from Greek ( e. g. Greek kōthōn > Etruscan qutun " pitcher ").
The Italic languages themselves show minor influence from the Etruscan and somewhat more from the Ancient Greek languages.
As of 2008, the collection is divided among eight curatorial departments: Egyptian Antiquities ; Near Eastern Antiquities ; Greek, Etruscan, and Roman Antiquities ; Islamic Art ; Sculpture ; Decorative Arts ; Paintings ; Prints and Drawings.
The Greek, Etruscan, and Roman department displays pieces from the Mediterranean Basin dating from the Neolithic to the 6th century.
The sculpture department comprises work created before 1850 that does not belong in the Etruscan, Greek, and Roman department.
Luwian Apaliunas, Hurrian Aplu, Etruscan Apulu, Homeric Greek: Ἀπόλλων, that is, ( λω ), Latin Apollo.
Minerva ( Etruscan: Menrva ) was the Roman goddess whom Romans from the 2nd century BC onwards equated with the Greek goddess Athena.
She was the Etruscan counterpart to Greek Athena.
In Greek mythology, the Minotaur (,, Etruscan Θevrumineś ), was a creature with the head of a bull on the body of a man or, as described by Roman poet Ovid, " part man and part bull ".
Etruscan and letter
The sound value of the letter was — as in Greek, Etruscan, Latin and all modern languages.
The Greeks are thought to have come up with the innovation of vowel characters, and lacking a pharyngeal consonant, employed this letter as the Greek O to represent the vowel, a sound it maintained in Etruscan and Latin.
The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Zeta ( Ζ ), Etruscan z Z, Latin Z, and Cyrillic Ze З.
The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Eta, Etruscan H, Latin H and Cyrillic И.
The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Rho ( Ρ ), Etruscan r, Latin R, and Cyrillic Р.
The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek nu ( Ν ), Etruscan N, Latin N, and Cyrillic Н.
The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Mu ( Μ ), Etruscan M, Latin M, and Cyrillic М.
The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek Epsilon, Etruscan E, Latin E and Cyrillic Е.
* transliteration of a letter of the Etruscan alphabet, related to San and Tsade.
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