Philip redesigned the army of Macedon adding a number of variations to the traditional hoplite force to make it far more effective.

P. Fraccaro's interpretation of the so-called Servian reforms to the army suggests that under king Servius Tullius ( traditional reign dates 578-535 BC ), the hoplite ( armoured ) infantry was also doubled in size to a single legion of 6, 000, which, together with 2, 400 velites ( unarmoured infantry ) and 600 cavalry adds up to a total regal levy of 9, 000 iuniores ( men of military age: aged 16 to 45 ).

The Achaean army was an army of the traditional hoplite type.

Their equipment was less expensive than traditional hoplite equipment and would have been more readily available to poorer members of society.

However prior to the improvements made by Philip II of Macedon army fought in the traditional manner of the Greeks that of the hoplite phalanx.

( While he seems to have enjoyed dressing like a western European cavalryman cum ancient Greek hoplite, he is also frequently depicted wearing the more traditional fustanella and other traditional accoutrements ).

Top: simplified schematic of traditional hoplite order of battle and advance ( elite troops in red ).

A drawing of a Macedonian phalanx ( the shields are smaller and lighter than with a traditional hoplite phalanx, the sarissa is twice as long as the traditional spears and fully enclosed helmets weren't as widespread as the drawing suggests, though they did protect more than open face helmets.

The traditional Greek hoplite used his spear single-handed, as the large hoplon shield needed to be gripped by the left hand, therefore the Macedonian phalangite gained in both weapon reach and in the added force of a two handed thrust.

In terms of weaponry, they were probably equipped in the style of a traditional Greek hoplite with a thrusting spear or doru ( shorter and less unwieldy than the sarissa ) and a large round shield ( hoplon ).

These infantrymen would have been equipped as hoplites with the traditional hoplite panoply consisting of a thrusting spear ( doru ), bronze-faced hoplon shield and body armour.

It should be stressed that the archaeological discoveries show that the phalangites also used the two-edged sword ( xiphos ) as well as the traditional Greek hoplite spear ( doru / δόρυ ), which was much shorter than the sarissa.

From pictorial sources it is probable that the Hypaspists, elite members of the infantry, including the Agema of the King's personal foot guard, employed a shield of larger dimensions, the traditional Greek hoplite shield called the hoplon or aspis ( ἀσπίς ), it is also referred to as the ' Argive shield '.

They were armed with the sarissa, a long spear with a shaft made from flexible cornel wood, which had a much longer reach than the traditional hoplite spear.

Through this breach, the tanks and motorised units could break through without the traditional encumbrance of the slow logistics of infantry on foot.

The French and the British used tanks in their pre-blitzkrieg ' traditional ' role of assisting infantry and dispersed across the whole army so there was not concentration of tanks, while the blitzkrieg method of concentrating tanks, even less in number and less capable in ability, led to victorious success.

The Imperial German Cavalry, while as colourful and traditional as any in peacetime appearance, had adopted a practice of falling back on infantry support when any substantial opposition was encountered.

Thus the dragoon regiments of the Imperial German Army wore the pickelhaube ( spiked helmet ) of the same design as those of the infantry and the British dragoons wore scarlet tunics, In other respects however dragoons had adopted the same tactics, roles and equipment as other branches of the cavalry and the distinction had become simply one of traditional titles.

General Jean Mordacq intended to rebuild the Foreign Legion as a larger military formation, doing away with the legion's traditional role as a solely infantry formation.

The higher accuracy and range, combined with reduced vulnerability generally benefited the defense while making the traditional battle between lines of standing and volleying infantry men obsolete.

Detailed study of infantry combat during and after WWII revealed that most small-arms engagements occurred within 100 meters, meaning that the power and range of the traditional. 30-caliber weapons ( designed for engagements at 500 meters and beyond ) was essentially wasted.

The Chinese invention of the hand-held, trigger-mechanism crossbow during this period revolutionized warfare, giving greater emphasis to infantry and cavalry and less to traditional chariot warfare.

The development of the armoured tank and improved infantry tactics at the end of World War I swung the pendulum back in favour of maneuver, and with the advent of Blitzkrieg in 1939, the end of traditional siege warfare was at hand.

Mobile troops armed with carbines and klewangs succeeded in suppressing Aceh resistance where traditional infantry with rifle and bayonet had failed.

Pikes live on today only in traditional roles, being used to carry the colours of an infantry regiment and with the Company of Pikemen and Musketeers of the Honourable Artillery Company.

However, his reformed infantry had been dislodged from a strong defensive position by the Spanish infantry using its traditional methods and it was only his cavalry that had saved the Dutch from defeat.

The Spanish army was similarly arranged, but with its infantry in their traditional tercios, or squares.

The traditional view of infantry and cavalry tank roles was rendered obsolete.

The phenomenon of intensive warfare, based on mass formations of infantry rather than the traditional chariots, was one major trend which led to the creation of strong central bureaucracies in each of the major states.

Naming conventions of units differ for traditional British historical reasons, creating a significant opportunity for confusion ; an infantry battalion is equivalent to a cavalry regiment.

Several infantry regiments are organised into five administrative divisions based on the type of infantry unit or traditional recruiting areas:

He often seems to have come across as arrogant and dismissive of people who did not share his views on outmoded forms of military thinking and organisation-such as the rigid and traditional separation in the British Army between infantry and armoured regiments.

They are generally specific or specialised types of infantry support guns, being in the traditional sense capable of being broken down into smaller loads ( for transport by aircraft and soldiers ) ( and thereby being at times, a mountain gun.

The second book, Secundus liber ueteris militiae continet morem, ad quem pedestris institui possit exercitus, contains traditional military practices with which infantry can be created.

The traditional designation of " musketeer " for an infantry private survived in the Imperial German Army until World War I.

Despite the rejection of the traditional accounts on many points of detail, as late as 1948 it was still possible to postulate a massive and comparatively sudden ( beginning in ca. 450 ) influx of Germans as the type of invasions.

Their policy ran counter to the traditional idea that a good fighter was usually a libertine, and that in sex affairs `` God-given passion '' was a proof of manliness.

Their world, again, was a still simple, traditional age which was only slowly beginning to appreciate the complexity of life.

If the master of scops who was most responsible for the poem ever used kennings that were traditional, he was at least partly deprived of free will and not inclined towards shrewd and sophisticated misuse of speech elements.

This explanation is attractive, but is vitiated at least in part by the observation that Cynewulf, though he used kennings in the traditional manner, was a literate man who four times inscribed his name by runes into his works.

A traditional Lao explanation is that the moon was being swallowed by a toad, and the remedy was to make all possible noise, ideally with firearms.

Sprinkel told conferees that the recent improvement in economic activity was not a `` temporary flash in the pan '' but the beginning of a substantial cyclical expansion that will carry the economy back to full employment levels and witness a renewal of our traditional growth pattern.

The production, designed by Simon Virsaladze, was completely traditional but traditional in the right way.

On my first Guy Fawkes Day here, I found Catholics as well as non-Catholics celebrating with the traditional fireworks and bonfires, and was told that most Englishmen either do not know or are not concerned with the historical significance of the day.

Of course, the crowning event that has dramatically upset the traditional pattern of English religious history was the friendly visit paid by Dr. Fisher, then Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury, to the Vatican last December.

The next traditional step then was to accept it as the authoritative textbook of the Christian faith just as one would accept a treatise on any earthly `` science '', and I submitted to its conditions according to Christ's invitation and promise that, `` If any man will do his will, he shall know of the doctrine, whether it be of God, or whether I speak of myself '' ( John 7: 17 ).

Instead of linking the nine numbers of this diagram with the traditional Nine Provinces, as was usually done, this equated the odd, Yang numbers with mountains ( firm and resistant, hence Yang ) and the even numbers with rivers ( sinuous and yielding, hence Yin ) ; ;

The traditional story about his departure reports that he was disappointed with the direction the academy took after control passed to Plato's nephew Speusippus upon his death, although it is possible that he feared anti-Macedonian sentiments and left before Plato had died.

Popularity of the song increased greatly following the September 11, 2001 attacks ; at some sporting events it was sung in addition to the traditional singing of the national anthem.

The historical order was abandoned in Runic and Arabic, although Arabic retains the traditional " abjadi order " for numbering.

These terms have historically been applied to any astronomical object orbiting the Sun that did not show the disk of a planet and was not observed to have the characteristics of an active comet, but as small objects in the outer Solar System were discovered, their volatile-based surfaces were found to more closely resemble comets, and so were often distinguished from traditional asteroids.

Byzantine control was challenged by Arab raids starting in the 7th century ( see Byzantine – Arab Wars ), but in the 9th and 10th century a resurgent Byzantine Empire regained its lost territories and even expanded beyond its traditional borders, into Armenia and Syria ( ancient Aram ).

A social movement that was individualist, egalitarian and perfectionist grew to a political democratic majority attacking slavery, and slavery ’ s defense in the Southern pre-industrial traditional society brought the two sides to war.

Originally, the Church of England was self-contained and relied for its unity and identity on its own history, its traditional legal and episcopal structure and its status as an established church of the state.

The idea that alternative mathematical systems might exist was very troubling to mathematicians of the 19th century and the developers of systems such as Boolean algebra made elaborate efforts to derive them from traditional arithmetic.