Modern Algerian literature, split between Arabic, Kabyle and French, has been strongly influenced by the country's recent history.

Modern weapons include the Russian ZSU-23-4 Shilka and Tunguska-M1, South Korean K30 Biho and K263A1 radar-guided Vulcan, Chinese Type 95 SPAAA, Swedish CV9040 AAV, Polish PZA Loara, American M6 Bradley Linebacker and M1097 Humvee Avenger, Yugoslavian BOV-3, Canadian ADATS, aging German Gepard, Japanese Type 87 SPAAG and similar versions with the British Marksman turret ( which was also adapted for a number of other users ), Italian SIDAM 25 and Otomatic, and versions of the French AMX-13.

Translations into the vernacular were done by famous notables, including King Alfred ( Old English ), Jean de Meun ( Old French ), Geoffrey Chaucer ( Middle English ), Queen Elizabeth I ( Early Modern English ), and Notker Labeo ( Old High German ).

The glossing was probably brought to England as Old French crimne ( 12th century form of Modern French crime ), from Latin crimen ( in the genitive case: criminis ).

Examples of cognates in Indo-European languages are the words night ( English ), nuit ( French ), Nacht ( German ), nacht ( Dutch ), nag ( Afrikaans ), nicht ( Scots ), natt ( Swedish, Norwegian ), nat ( Danish ), nátt ( Faroese ), nótt ( Icelandic ), noc ( Czech, Slovak, Polish ), ночь, noch ( Russian ), ноќ, noć ( Macedonian ), нощ, nosht ( Bulgarian ), ніч, nich ( Ukrainian ), ноч, noch / noč ( Belarusian ), noč ( Slovene ), noć ( Serbo-Croatian ), νύξ, nyx ( Ancient Greek, νύχτα / nyhta in Modern Greek ), nox ( Latin ), nakt-( Sanskrit ), natë ( Albanian ), noche ( Spanish ), nos ( Welsh ), nueche ( Asturian ), noite ( Portuguese and Galician ), notte ( Italian ), nit ( Catalan ), noapte ( Romanian ), nakts ( Latvian ) and naktis ( Lithuanian ), all meaning " night " and derived from the Proto-Indo-European ( PIE ), " night ".

Another Indo-European example is star ( English ), str-( Sanskrit ), tara ( Hindi-Urdu ), étoile ( French ), ἀστήρ ( astēr ) ( Greek or ἀστέρι / ἄστρο, asteri / astro in Modern Greek ), stella ( Italian ), aster ( Latin ) stea ( Romanian and Venetian ), stairno ( Gothic ), astl ( Armenian ), Stern ( German ), ster ( Dutch and Afrikaans ), starn ( Scots ), stjerne ( Norwegian and Danish ), stjarna ( Icelandic ), stjärna ( Swedish ), stjørna ( Faroese ), setāre ( Persian ), stoorei ( Pashto ), seren ( Welsh ), steren ( Cornish ), estel ( Catalan ), estrella Spanish, estrella Asturian and Leonese, estrela ( Portuguese and Galician ) and estêre or stêrk ( Kurdish ), from the PIE, " star ".

Modern Nationalism, as developed especially since the French Revolution, has made the distinction between " language " and " dialect " an issue of great political importance.

* The Modern Period up to the French Revolution ;

The first languages for which standardisation was promoted included Italian (" questione della lingua ": Modern Tuscan / Florentine vs. Old Tuscan / Florentine vs. Venetian > Modern Florentine + archaic Tuscan + Upper Italian ), French ( the standard is based on Parisian ), English ( the standard is based on the London dialect ) and ( High ) German ( based on the dialects of the chancellery of Meissen in Saxony, Middle German and the chancellery of Prague in Bohemia (" Common German ")).

The Old French term esbat ( Modern French ébat ) meant amusement or diversion, with a connotation of frolicking.

Modern cinema is generally regarded as descending from the work of the French Lumière brothers in 1895, and their show first came to London in 1896.

Modern fencing originated in the 18th century, in the Italian school of fencing of the Renaissance, and, under their influence, was improved by the French school of fencing.

* A History of Philosophy: Volume VI: Modern Philosophy: From the French Enlightenment to Kant.

* A History of Philosophy: Volume IX: Modern Philosophy: From the French Revolution to Sartre, Camus, and Levi-Strauss.

The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture ( Oxford, 1987 – 94 ) vol 1: The Political Culture of the Old Regime, ed.

* The Origins of the French Revolution, The French Revolution: The Moderate Stage, 1789 – 1792, and The French Revolution: The Radical Stage, 1792 – 1794, three essays from The History Guide: Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History

Modern borrowings ( from the 20th century on ), especially from French and English, are typically not inflected.

In Medieval and Modern Spain, the Visigoths were believed to be the origin of the Spanish nobility ( compare Gobineau for a similar French idea ).

Below is the conjugation of the verb to be in the present tense ( of the infinitive, if it exists, and indicative moods ), in English, German, Dutch, Afrikaans, Icelandic, Swedish, Norwegian, Latvian, Bulgarian, Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian, Polish, Slovenian, Hindi, Persian, Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Albanian, Armenian, Irish, Ancient Attic Greek and Modern Greek.

The Early Modern period in French history spans the following reigns, from 1461 to the Revolution, breaking in 1789:

In Devonshire a local word for a cist in Modern Cornish is kistvaen.

Even in Modern Tamil, the word for temple is ' க ோ ய ி ல ்', meaning " king's house ".

For instance, the second word of the Arabic name of the festival, has the root F-Ṣ-Ḥ, which given the sound laws applicable to Arabic is cognate to Hebrew P-S-Ḥ, with " Ḥ " realized as in Modern Hebrew and in Arabic.

Modern use in football comes from the earlier sport of rugby, where the word was used in the 19th century.

The Modern English word " fox " is Old English, and comes from the Proto-Germanic word fukh – compare German Fuchs, Gothic fauho, Old Norse foa and Dutch vos.

The personal pronouns of Modern English retain morphological case more strongly than any other word class ( a remnant of the more extensive case system of Old English ).

* The default word order in Biblical Hebrew is VSO, while Modern Hebrew is SVO.

The word Kallisti ( Modern Greek ) written on a golden apple, has become a principal symbol of Discordianism, a post-modernist religion.

Modern historians explain the etymology of the word with Letze, meaning fortification which might have referred to either the remains of a Roman watchtower or to a primitive refuge of the early Middle Ages.

Modern Greek still uses the word " myriad " by itself, but also to form the word for million.

Modern hypertext systems with word and phrase-level linking offer more sophistication in connecting relevant information, but until the rise of wiki and other social software models, modern hypertext systems have rarely imitated Bush in providing individuals with the ability to create personal trails and share them with colleagues-or publish them widely.

In Modern Catalan, as in modern Spanish, sí is usually used as a response, although the language retains the word oi, akin to òc, which is sometimes used at the end of yes-no questions and in higher register also as a positive response.

The word has also spread to Turkish as pide, and Bulgarian, Croatian and Serbian as pita, Albanian as pite and Modern Hebrew pittāh.

The Modern Irish word Samhain is derived from the Old Irish samain, samuin, or samfuin, all referring to 1 November ( latha na samna: ' samhain day '), and the festival and royal assembly held on that date in medieval Ireland ( oenaig na samna: ' samhain assembly ').

The English word true is from Old English ( West Saxon ) ( ge ) tríewe, tréowe, cognate to Old Saxon ( gi ) trûui, Old High German ( ga ) triuwu ( Modern German treu " faithful "), Old Norse tryggr, Gothic triggws, all from a Proto-Germanic * trewwj-" having good faith ".

Modern uses of the word " theory " are derived from the original definition, but have taken on new shades of meaning, still based on the idea that a theory is a thoughtful and rational explanation of the general nature of things.

The word tor ( Cornish tor, Old Welsh twrr, Modern Welsh tŵr, Scots Gaelic tòrr ), meaning hill, is notable for being one of the very few Celtic loanwords to be borrowed into vernacular English before the modern era – such borrowings are mainly words of a geographic or topographical nature.

The word Viking was introduced into Modern English during the 18th-century Viking revival, at which point it acquired romanticised heroic overtones of " barbarian warrior " or noble savage.

But as the word entered the Southern German dialects via Saxony and Westphalia, the word's meaning in Early Modern German became attached to the activities of these courts specifically.

The word " sabbat " itself comes from the witches ' sabbath or sabbat attested to in Early Modern witch trials.

So, the later-imported term became a synonym for the native English word scir () or, in Modern English, shire

In A Dictionary of Modern English Usage ( 1926 ), H. W. Fowler states that applying the word nigger to " others than full or partial negroes " is " felt as an insult by the person described, & betrays in the speaker, if not deliberate insolence, at least a very arrogant inhumanity "; but the second edition ( 1965 ) states: " N. has been described as ' the term that carries with it all the obloquy and contempt and rejection which whites have inflicted on blacks.

It appears in Modern French in the word genre ( type, kind, also genre sexuel ) and is related to the Greek root gen-( to produce ), appearing in gene, genesis, and oxygen.