With the loss of the study of ancient Greek in the early medieval Latin West, Aristotle was practically unknown there from c. AD 600 to c. 1100 except through the Latin translation of the Organon made by Boethius.

Romansh, spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland, is an ancient Rheato-Romanic language derived from Latin, remnants of ancient Celtic languages and perhaps Etruscan.

If the Christian faith fell into ruin in his kingdom, if the clergy were too ignorant to understand the Latin words they butchered in their offices and liturgies, if the ancient monasteries and collegiate churches lay deserted out of indifference, he was answerable before God, as Josiah had been.

Byzantium (;, Byzántion ; Latin: ) was an ancient Greek city, founded by Greek colonists from Megara in 657 BC and named after their king Byzas ( Greek: Βύζας, Býzas, genitive Βύζαντος, Býzantos ).

The Boii ( Latin plural, singular Boius ; Greek ) were one of the most prominent ancient Celtic tribes of the later Iron Age, attested at various times in Cisalpine Gaul ( northern Italy ), Pannonia ( Hungary and its western neighbours ), in and around Bohemia, and Transalpine Gaul.

The name Barcelona comes from the ancient Iberian Phoenician Barkeno, attested in an ancient coin inscription in Iberian script as Barkeno in Levantine Iberian script, in Ancient Greek sources as, Barkinṓn ; and in Latin as Barcino, Barcilonum and Barceno.

For purposes of international communication and trade, the official names of the chemical elements both ancient and more recently recognized are decided by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ), which has decided on a sort of international English language, drawing on traditional English names even when an element's chemical symbol is based on a Latin or other traditional word, for example adopting " gold " rather than " aurum " as the name for the 79th element ( Au ).

While modern systems distinguish between offences against the " State " or " Community ", and offences against the " Individual ", the so-called penal law of ancient communities did not deal with " crimes " ( Latin: crimina ), but with " wrongs " ( Latin: delicta ).

The results of all these efforts were recognized even by Seneca, who has an ancient Latin god defend Claudius in his satire.

The word " census " originated in ancient Rome from the Latin word (" to estimate ").

Digamma / wau is in turn the ancestor of the Latin letter F. As an alphabetic letter it is attested in archaic and dialectal ancient Greek inscriptions until the classical period.

Diana was an ancient goddess common to all Latin tribes.

Eritrea is an ancient name, associated in the past with its Greek form Erythraia, Ἐρυθραία, and its derived Latin form Erythræa.

The phonology is known through the alternation of Greek and Etruscan letters in some inscriptions ( for example, the Iguvine Tables ), and many individual words are known through loans into or from Greek and Latin, as well as explanations of Etruscan words by ancient authors.

Instead it taught ancient languages ( Greek and Latin ) and their cultures.

The eruption of Vesuvius preserved graffiti in Pompeii, including Latin curses, magic spells, declarations of love, alphabets, political slogans and famous literary quotes, providing insight into ancient Roman street life.

The Renaissance saw the continuation of interest in magic that had been found in the Mediaeval period, and in this period, there was an increased interest in Hermeticism amongst occultists and ceremonial magicians in Europe, largely fuelled by the 1471 translation of the ancient Corpus hermeticum into Latin by Marsilio Ficino ( 1433 – 1499 ).

Because Galen's works were not translated into Latin in the ancient period, and because of the collapse of the Roman Empire in the West, the study of Galen, along with the Greek medical tradition as a whole, went into decline in Western Europe during the Early Middle Ages, when very few Latin scholars could read Greek.

In ancient Rome, the genius ( plural in Latin genii ) was the guiding spirit or tutelary deity of a person, family ( gens ), or place ( genius loci ).

" Most ancient writers considered him a highly successful leader in guerrilla warfare, alert and quick, yet cautious — a man, moreover, whose personal bravery was rarely questioned in his own time.

Like many ancient historians, Ammianus had a strong political and religious agenda to pursue, however, and he contrasted Constantius II with Julian to the former's constant disadvantage ; like all ancient writers he was skilled in rhetoric, and this shows in his work.

It is difficult to differentiate this Aeolus from the second Aeolus, as their identities seem to have been merged by many ancient writers.

Some ancient writers viewed Atlantis as fiction while others believed it was real.

The country of the Aedui is defined by reports of them in the ancient writers.

It may be noted, in confirmation of this view, that the naval supremacy of Aegina is assigned by the ancient writers on chronology to precisely this period, i. e. the years 490-480.

Caesar himself mentions few place-names ; and although the battle is called after Pharsalos, four ancient writers – the author of the Bellum Alexandrinum ( 48. 1 ), Frontinus ( Strategemata 2. 3. 22 ), Eutropius ( 20 ), and Orosius ( 6. 15. 27 ) – place it specifically at Palaepharsalos.

The " angel " reading found an echo among the ancient Fathers of the Church and ecclesiastical writers, and even gave rise to the " strangest fancies ", especially among the disciples of Origen of Alexandria.

In the ancient world, at the Alexandrian Library, scholars coined the Greek term Hoi enkrithentes (“ the admitted ”, “ the included ”) to identify the writers in the canon.

Cognitive science has a pre-history traceable back to ancient Greek philosophical texts ( see Plato's Meno ); and certainly must include writers such as Descartes, David Hume, Immanuel Kant, Benedict de Spinoza, Nicolas Malebranche, Pierre Cabanis, Leibniz and John Locke.

These events damaged his reputation among the ancient writers, though more recent historians have revised this opinion.

In the early 2nd century, the site of the present Church had been a temple of Aphrodite ; several ancient writers alternatively describe it as a temple to Venus, the Roman equivalent to Aphrodite.

Dice are hard to differentiate from knucklebones because ancient writers confused the two, but both were used in prehistoric times.

Some writers and dachshund experts have theorized that the early roots of the dachshund go back to ancient Egypt, where engravings were made featuring short-legged hunting dogs.

Several ancient writers, such as Pliny the Elder and Scribonius Largus, attested to the numbing effect of electric shocks delivered by catfish and torpedo rays, and knew that such shocks could travel along conducting objects.

The writers of those times, including Vitruvius, Frontinus and Pliny the Elder, treat these engines as commonplace, so their invention may be more ancient.

He was also unique among the writers of ancient Athens for the sympathy he demonstrated towards all victims of society, including women.

Indeed, amongst many ancient writers, Moses himself was seen as an Egyptian rather than a Jew, and two manuscripts likely dating to the 4th century, both of which purport to be the legendary eighth Book of Moses ( the first five being the initial books in the Biblical Old Testament ), present him as a polytheist who explained how to conjure gods and subdue demons.

Having already acculturated various aspects of Hellenic culture, ancient writers and up through the 17th century such as Francis Bacon and other Renaissance writers called them " Gallo-Graeci ", " Gauls settled among the Greeks " and the country " Gallo-Graecia ", as had the 3rd century AD Latin historian Justin.

The earliest chronologies date back to Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt, though no historical writers in these early civilizations were known by name.

This group of writers became known as the " Lovecraft Circle ", since they all freely borrowed elements of Lovecraft's stories – the mysterious books with disturbing names, the pantheon of ancient alien entities, such as Cthulhu and Azathoth, and eldritch places, such as the New England town of Arkham and its Miskatonic University – for use in their own works with Lovecraft's encouragement.

Herodotus's recitation at Olympia was a favourite theme among ancient writers and there is another interesting variation on the story to be found in the Suda, Photius and Tzetzes, in which a young Thucydides happened to be in the assembly with his father and burst into tears during the recital, whereupon Herodotus observed prophetically to the boy's father: " Thy son's soul yearns for knowledge.