The anode in figure 2 was mounted by means of the anode holder which was attached to a steel plug and disk.

This region which had a higher temperature than the rest of the anode surface changed size and location continuously.

This temperature was taken as environmental temperature to which the anode holder was exposed as far as radiation is concerned.

An anode is an electrode through which electric current flows into a polarized electrical device.

In fact anode polarity depends on the device type, and sometimes even in which mode it operates, as per the above electric current direction-based universal definition.

Consequently, as can be seen from the following examples, in a device which consumes power the anode is positive, and in a device which provides power the anode is negative:

* In a recharging battery, or an electrolytic cell, the anode is the positive terminal, which receives current from an external generator.

The current through a recharging battery is opposite to the direction of current during discharge ; In other words, the electrode which was the cathode during battery discharge becomes the anode while the battery is recharging.

In that paper Faraday explained that when an electrolytic cell is oriented so that electric current traverses the " decomposing body " ( electrolyte ) in a direction " from East to West, or, which will strengthen this help to the memory, that in which the sun appears to move ", the anode is where the current enters the electrolyte, on the East side: " ano upwards, odos a way ; the way which the sun rises " (, reprinted in ).

In retrospect the name change was unfortunate, not only because the Greek roots alone do not reveal the anode's function any more, but more importantly because, as we now know, the Earth's magnetic field direction on which the " anode " term is based is subject to reversals whereas the current direction convention on which the " eisode " term was based has no reason to change in the future.

At the anode, anions ( negative ions ) are forced by the electrical potential to react chemically and give off electrons ( oxidation ) which then flow up and into the driving circuit.

In a battery or galvanic cell, the anode is the negative electrode from which electrons flow out towards the external part of the circuit.

Though technically incorrect, it does resolve the problem of which electrode is the anode in a secondary ( or rechargeable ) cell.

In a semiconductor diode, the anode is the P-doped layer which initially supplies holes to the junction.

In cathodic protection, a metal anode that is more reactive to the corrosive environment of the system to be protected is electrically linked to the protected system, and partially corrodes or dissolves, which protects the metal of the system it is connected to.

As an example, an iron or steel ship's hull may be protected by a zinc sacrificial anode, which will dissolve into the seawater and prevent the hull from being corroded.

An electrode through which current flows the other way ( into the device ) is termed an anode.

The cathode supplies electrons to the positively charged cations which flow to it from the electrolyte ( even if the cell is galvanic, i. e., when the cathode is positive and therefore would be expected to repel the positively charged cations ; this is due to electrode potential relative to the electrolyte solution being different for the anode and cathode metal / electrolyte systems in a galvanic cell ).

In free-burning electric arcs, for instance, approximately 90% of the total arc power is transferred to the anode giving rise to local heat fluxes in excess of Af as measured by the authors -- the exact value depending on the arc atmosphere.

In plasma generators as currently commercially available for industrial use or as high temperature research tools often more than 50% of the total energy input is being transferred to the cooling medium of the anode.

The heat transfer to the anode is due to the following effects: 1.

The heat transfer to the anode in free burning arcs is enhanced by a hot gas jet flowing from the cathode towards the anode with velocities up Af.

The pressure gradient producing the jet is due to the nature of the magnetic field in the arc ( rapid decrease of current density from cathode to the anode ).

It is apparent from the above and from experimental evidence that the cooling requirements for the anode of free burning arcs are large compared with those for the cathode.

however, the anode is still the part receiving the largest heat flux.

The purpose of the present study is to study the thermal conditions and to establish an energy balance for a transpiration cooled anode as well as the effect of blowing on the arc voltage.

Another anode holder used in the experiments is shown in figure 3.

In this design the anode holder is water cooled and the heat losses by conduction from the anode were determined by measuring the temperature rise of the coolant.

It is sufficiently small compared with the surface temperature of the anode holder, to make the energy flux radiated from the environment toward the anode holder negligible within the accuracy of the present measurements.

The radiation loss from the anode surface was computed according to Af where Af is the mean of the fourth powers of the temperatures Af and Af calculated analogously to equation ( 1 ).

The electron optical system ( see fig. 14-1 ) is based in principle on the focusing action of concentric spherical cathode and anode surfaces.

The inner ( anode ) sphere is pierced, elongated into a cup, and terminated by the phosphor screen.

The luminous gain of a single stage with Af ( flux gain ) is, to a first approximation, given by the product of the photocathode sensitivity S ( amp / lumen ), the anode potential V ( volts ), and the phosphor conversion efficiency P ( lumen/watt ).

A widespread misconception is that anode polarity is always positive (+).

This is often incorrectly inferred from the correct fact that in all electrochemical devices negatively charged anions move towards the anode ( hence their name ) and positively charged cations move away from it.

A typical OLED is composed of a layer of organic materials situated between two electrodes, the anode and cathode, all deposited on a substrate.

The cooling requirements are particularly severe at the anode.

The higher heat transfer rates at the anode compared with those at the cathode can be explained by the physical phenomena occurring in free burning arcs.

Hence, the flow conditions at the anode of free burning arcs resemble those near a stagnation point.

An attempt to improve the life of the anodes or the efficiency of the plasma generators must, therefore, aim at a reduction of the anode loss.

Continuous motion of the arc contact area at the anode by flow or magnetic forces.

Three thermocouples were placed at different locations in the aluminum disk surrounding the anode holder to determine its temperature.

* In a discharging battery or galvanic cell ( diagram at right ) the anode is the negative terminal since that is where the current flows into " the device " ( i. e. the battery cell ).

Inside the sealed lamp, filled with argon or neon gas at low pressure, is a cylindrical metal cathode containing the element of interest and an anode.

In 1838, Michael Faraday passed a current through a rarefied air filled glass tube and noticed a strange light arc with its beginning at the cathode ( negative electrode ) and its end almost at the anode ( positive electrode ).

But at the anode ( positive ) end of the tube, the glass of the tube itself began to glow.

The two electrodes must be electrically connected to each other, allowing for a flow of electrons that leave the metal of the anode and flow through this connection to the ions at the surface of the cathode.

In this example, the anode is zinc metal which oxidizes ( loses electrons ) to form zinc ions in solution, and copper ions accept electrons from the copper metal electrode and the ions deposit at the copper cathode as an electrodeposit.

This reaction can be driven in reverse by applying a voltage, resulting in the deposition of zinc metal at the anode and formation of copper ions at the cathode.

First, the reduced form of the metal to be oxidized at the anode ( Zn ) is written.

The electron beam is accelerated by an anode typically at + 100 keV ( 40 to 400 keV ) with respect to the cathode, focused by electrostatic and electromagnetic lenses, and transmitted through the specimen that is in part transparent to electrons and in part scatters them out of the beam.

The anode is now defined as the electrode at which electrons leave the cell and oxidation occurs, and the cathode as the electrode at which electrons enter the cell and reduction occurs.

The oxygen ions then travel through the electrolyte to react with hydrogen gas at the anode.

The reaction at the anode produces electricity and water as by-products.

By placing the molecules in wells in the gel and applying an electric field, the molecules will move through the matrix at different rates, determined largely by their mass when the charge to mass ratio ( Z ) of all species is uniform, toward the ( negatively charged ) cathode if positively charged or toward the ( positively charged ) anode if negatively charged.

As calcium is less electropositive than sodium, no calcium will be formed at the anode.

Now, if the input voltage amplitude ( at the grid ) changes from-1. 5 V to-0. 5 V ( difference of 1 V ), anode current will change from 1. 2 to 3. 3 mA ( see image ).