By making comparisons across cultural traditions ( time-based ) and cultural regions ( space-based ), anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method, a central part of their science.

Consequently, its prehistory may not be reconstructible by means of the comparative method except by applying it to differences between dialects within the language.

However, prior to that, legal scholars ( forerunners of today's comparativists and international lawyers ) practiced comparative method.

In Russian legal history, for instance, comparative method dates back to the sixteenth century.

Linguistic map representing a Tree model of the Romance languages based on the comparative method.

In linguistics, the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor, as opposed to the method of internal reconstruction, which analyzes the internal development of a single language over time.

The comparative method aims to prove that two or more historically attested languages are descended from a single proto-language by comparing lists of cognate terms.

Ethologists have made much more use of a truly comparative method than comparative psychologists have.

) The Nostratic hypothesis is however based on the comparative method, unlike some other superfamily hypotheses.

The comparative method is used for reconstructing a given proto-language from its descendants.

He emphatically expressed the antiquity of the linguistic stages accessible to comparative method in the drafts for his Russian Grammar ( published 1755 ).

He believed that multilateral comparison was not in any way opposed to the comparative method, but is, on the contrary, its necessary first step ( Greenberg, 1957: 44 ).

" Beyond the comparative method.

The putative branches of Khoisan are often considered independent families, in the absence of a demonstration that they are related according to the standard comparative method.

In his textbooks he selected Indo-European examples that supported the key Neogrammarian hypothesis of the regularity of sound change, and emphasized a sequence of steps essential to success in comparative work: ( a ) appropriate data in the form of texts which must be studied intensively and analysed ; ( b ) application of the comparative method ; ( c ) reconstruction of proto-forms.

However, it is possible to recover many features of a proto-language by applying the comparative method — a reconstructive procedure worked out by 19th century linguist August Schleicher.

Etymologists analyse related languages using a technique known as the comparative method.

While all scholars acknowledge that there is a large mythological part of the narrative some maintain that by using a critical comparative method some level of historicity can be salvaged from the sources, whereas others maintain that continued analysis of the narratives as sources of actual history is futile and hinders access to actual knowledge of the culture of Tula, Hidalgo.

In the interim, the view had taken hold that the comparative method — previously used as a means of studying languages already known to be related and without any thought of classification — is the most effective means to establish genetic relationship, eventually hardening into the conviction that it is the only legitimate means to do so.

One of the chief difficulties of applying the comparative method to the Sino-Tibetan languages is the morphological simplicity of many of these languages.

While real-world sound changes often admit exceptions ( for a variety of known reasons, and sometimes without one ), the expectation of their regularity or " exceptionlessness " is of great heuristic value, since it allows historical linguists to define the notion of regular correspondence ( see: comparative method ).

Students of anthropology and comparative religion had long been aware that there was, indeed, a direct connection.

Another candidate for one of the first scholars to carry out comparative ethnographic-type studies in person was the medieval Persian scholar Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī in the eleventh century, who wrote about the peoples, customs, and religions of the Indian subcontinent.

The book was highly influential in introducing comparative studies ( in this case France and England ), as well as long durations (" longue durée ") studies spanning several centuries, even up to a thousand years, downplaying short-term events.

Abbas was an intelligent prince, possessed some literary taste, and is noteworthy on account of the comparative simplicity of his life.

This theory of Homer's influence on Beowulf remained very prevalent in the 1920s, but started to die out in the following decade when a handful of critics stated that the two works were merely “ comparative literature ” although Greek was known in contemporary England.

John Miles Foley held, specifically with reference to the Beowulf debate, that while comparative work was both necessary and valid, it must be conducted with a view to the particularities of a given tradition ; Foley argued with a view to developments of oral traditional theory that do not assume, or depend upon, finally unverifiable assumptions about composition, and that discard the oral / literate dichotomy focused on composition in favor of a more fluid continuum of traditionality and textuality.

) The FCC ordered comparative hearings, and in 1969 a competing applicant, Boston Broadcasters, Inc. was granted a construction permit to replace WHDH-TV on channel 5.

His most notable work was developing comparative grammar studies of the Bantu languages, building on the pioneering work of Wilhelm Bleek.

The notion of legal transplants was coined by Alan Watson, one of the world's renowned legal scholars specializing in comparative law.

Around 190 AD under the leadership of the scholar Pantanaeus, the school of Alexandria became an important institution of religious learning, where students were taught by scholars such as Athenagoras, Clement, Didymus, and the native Egyptian Origen, who was considered the father of theology and who was also active in the field of commentary and comparative Biblical studies.

The English word Dravidian was first employed by Robert Caldwell in his book of comparative Dravidian grammar based on the usage of the Sanskrit word in the work Tantravārttika by ( Zvelebil 1990 p. xx ).

In 1988 he returned to Bloomington as " College of Arts and Sciences Professor " in both cognitive science and computer science, and also was appointed adjunct professor of history and philosophy of science, philosophy, comparative literature, and psychology, but he states that his involvement with most of these departments is nominal.

Sapir was the first to prove that the methods of comparative linguistics were equally valid when applied to indigenous languages.

In the 1929 edition of Encyclopedia Britannica he published what was then the most authoritative classification of Native American languages, and the first based on evidence from modern comparative linguistics.

In addition, for most of the twentieth century, comparative psychology developed most strongly in North America, while ethology was stronger in Europe.

Haeckel was a zoologist, artist, writer, and later in life a professor of comparative anatomy.

Haeckel was a zoologist, an accomplished artist and illustrator, and later a professor of comparative anatomy.

Rutimeyer was a professor of zoology and comparative anatomy at the University of Basel, who rejected natural selection as simply mechanistic and proposed an anti-materialist view of nature.

Franz Bopp ( September 14, 1791, Mainz – October 23, 1867, Berlin ) was a German linguist known for extensive comparative work on Indo-European languages.

In grateful recognition of that fact, on the fiftieth anniversary ( May 16, 1866 ) of the date of Windischmann's preface to that work, a fund called Die Bopp-Stiftung, for the promotion of the study of Sanskrit and comparative grammar, was established at Berlin, to which liberal contributions were made by his numerous pupils and admirers in all parts of the globe.

Martineau also wrote: “ Bopp's Sanskrit studies and Sanskrit publications are the solid foundations upon which his system of comparative grammar was erected, and without which that could not have been perfect.

As a comparative grammarian he was much more than as a Sanskrit scholar ,” and yet “ it is surely much that he made the grammar, formerly a maze of Indian subtilty, as simple and attractive as that of Greek or Latin, introduced the study of the easier works of Sanskrit literature and trained ( personally or by his books ) pupils who could advance far higher, invade even the most intricate parts of the literature and make the Vedas intelligible.

President Vincent took advantage of the comparative national stability, which was being maintained by a professionalized military, to gain absolute power.