Systems like the Compatible Time-Sharing System introduced the concept of a file system, which managed several virtual " files " on one storage device, giving the term its present-day meaning.

They derive this concept from the observation that people seek richness, complexity, and depth within a virtual world.

Some virtual communities explicitly refer to the concept of cyberspace, for example Linden Lab calling their customers " Residents " of Second Life, while all such communities can be positioned " in cyberspace " for explanatory and comparative purposes ( as did Sterling in The Hacker Crackdown, followed by many journalists ), integrating the metaphor into a wider cyber-culture.

Although artists working with other media have expressed interest in the concept, such as Roy Ascott, " cyberspace " in digital art is mostly used as a synonym for immersive virtual reality and remains more discussed than enacted.

LambdaMOO has its roots in the 1978 – 1980 work by Roy Trubshaw and Richard Bartle to create and expand the concept of Multi-User Dungeon ( MUD ) – virtual communities.

In some respects, a system virtual machine can be considered a generalization of the concept of virtual memory that historically preceded it.

Memory virtualization is a generalization of the concept of virtual memory.

Other popular fictional works that use the concept of virtual reality include William Gibson's Neuromancer which defined the concept of cyberspace, Neal Stephenson's Snow Crash, in which he made extensive reference to the term avatar to describe one's representation in a virtual world, and Rudy Rucker's The Hacker and the Ants, in which programmer Jerzy Rugby uses VR for robot design and testing.

The virtual gateway concept enables consumers to access video and data services and distribute them around their homes using software rather than hardware.

Some of this software ( 3D Topicscape ) works independently from virtual worlds and simply uses 3D to support user " in concept creation, planning, organization, development and actualization ".

The X. 25 model was based on the traditional telephony concept of establishing reliable circuits through a shared network, but using software to create " virtual calls " through the network.

Reality-Virtuality Continuum. The Virtuality Continuum is a phrase used to describe a concept that there is a continuous scale ranging between the completely virtual, a Virtuality, and the completely real: Reality.

The program also introduces a practical implementation of the register machine concept, defining and developing an assembler for such a construct, which is used as a virtual machine for the implementation of interpreters and compilers in the book, and as a testbed for illustrating the implementation and effect of modifications to the evaluation mechanism.

In computer networking, virtual local area network, virtual LAN or VLAN is a concept of partitioning a physical network, so that distinct broadcast domains are created.

Most enterprise-level networks today use the concept of virtual LANs ( VLAN ).

Older languages may also have features that can support the interface concept, such as abstract base classes with pure virtual functions in C ++, or object-oriented features in Perl.

* Dr. Richard A. Bartle, Pitfalls of Virtual Property – A philosophical case against the concept of " virtual property " ownership.

The concept of virtual particles is closely related to the idea of quantum fluctuations.

The concept of virtual particles arises in the perturbation theory of quantum field theory, an approximation scheme in which interactions ( in essence, forces ) between real particles are calculated in terms of exchanges of virtual particles.

Being is an extremely broad concept encompassing subjective and objective features of reality and existence.

The worldwide reality television show Big Brother is based on the novel's concept of people being under constant surveillance.

" News " today is virtually always dramatized, at least by pitting " one side " against another in the fictional journalistic concept that all stories must contain " both sides " ( as though reality could be reduced to two sides ) or by using more intensive dramatic developments similar to feature movies.

In reality, each cycle at a given temperature does not occur at exactly the same position in the fractionating column ; theoretical plate is thus a concept rather than an accurate description.

On 12 July 1970, when Wood added multiple cellos to a Lynne-penned song intended to be a Move B-side, the new concept became a reality and " 10538 Overture " became the first Electric Light Orchestra song.

While Fascism claimed that corporatism gave workers power alongside employer in workplaces in reality the concept of " Fuhrerprinzip " gave employers and State-appointed workplace managers absolute control over the workplace as dictated by the State-owned German Labor Front ; based on the Social Darwinist ideology that certain individuals are " gifted " and " born to rule ", employers thought to be part of that group.

A more recent development, the alternate reality game, is intrinsically tied to the concept ; an ARG may exist solely as a collection of false documents that build a fictional storyline and puzzles connected to it.

Because no national economy in existence fully manifests the ideal of a free market as theorized by economists, some critics of the concept consider it to be a fantasy – outside of the bounds of reality in a complex system with opposing interests and different distributions of wealth.

The concept of Brahman implies a transcendent and immanent reality, which different schools of thought variously interpret as personal, impersonal or transpersonal.

Objectivism is a system of philosophy created by philosopher and novelist Ayn Rand ( 1905 – 1982 ) that holds: reality exists independent of consciousness ; human beings gain knowledge rationally from perception through the process of concept formation and inductive and deductive logic ; the moral purpose of one's life is the pursuit of one's own happiness or rational self-interest.

With all the Muslim dominated provinces except the Punjab under Jinnah ’ s control, the artificial concept of a separate Muslim State was turning into a reality.

Both systems have been compared with the concept of tanistry found in Early Irish Law, although the political reality appears to have been more complex.

Objectivism's central tenets are that reality exists independent of consciousness, that human beings have direct contact with reality through sense perception, that one can attain objective knowledge from perception through the process of concept formation and inductive logic, that the proper moral purpose of one's life is the pursuit of one's own happiness ( or rational self-interest ), that the only social system consistent with this morality is full respect for individual rights embodied in laissez-faire capitalism, and that the role of art in human life is to transform humans ' metaphysical ideas by selective reproduction of reality into a physical form — a work of art — that one can comprehend and to which one can respond emotionally.

This idea somewhat anticipates the modern concept of an ultimate grand unification theory that finally explains all of existence in terms of one inter-related sub-atomic reality which applies to everything.

With the birth of the transistor in 1947, and the silicon transistor in 1954, the concept of ICs became a reality.

It has been claimed under reductive physicalism, that when a distinction is made in ones mind between a hypothetical zombie and oneself ( assumed not to be a zombie ), and noting that the concept of oneself under reductive physicalism may ever only correspond to physical reality, the concept of the hypothetical zombie can only be a subset of the concept of oneself and will in this nature also entail a deficit in observables ( cognitive systems ) thereby contradicting the original definition of a zombie.

To do this, however, a non-historical and, to a degree, self-referential engagement with whatever set of ideas, feelings or practices would permit ( both the non-fixed concept and reality of ) such a continuity was required-a continuity permitting the possible experience, possible existence indeed not only of beings but of all differences as they appeared and tended to develop.

: In Simulacra and Simulation, introduced the concept that reality or the principle of the " real " is short-circuited by the interchangeability of signs in an era whose communicative and semantic acts are dominated by electronic media and digital technologies.

One modern academic theory of religion, social constructionism, says that religion is a modern concept that suggests all spiritual practice and worship follows a model similar to the Abrahamic religions as an orientation system that helps to interpret reality and define human beings, and thus religion, as a concept, has been applied inappropriately to non-Western cultures that are not based upon such systems, or in which these systems are a substantially simpler construct.

Jean Bodin, writing in the sixteenth century, may have been the seminal thinker, but it was the vastly influential John Austin who set out the main lines of the concept as now understood.

They recognized that slavery was a moral issue and not merely an economic interest, and that to recognize it explicitly in their Constitution would be in explosive contradiction to the concept of sovereignty they had set forth in the Declaration of 1776 that `` all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among them are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.

But though the Southern States, when drafting a constitution to unite themselves, narrowed the difference to this fine point by omitting to assert the right to secede, the fact remained that by seceding from the Union they had already acted on the concept that it was composed primarily of sovereign states.

What was perhaps more important than his concept of the nature of history and the historical method were those forces which shaped the direction of his thought.

There was only one way to accomplish this: by design, by drawing diagrams and sketches in which he probed the remotest corner of his mind for creative ideas to carry his concept.

what mattered was that a new concept of Americans was being born.

The concept of the Middle Kingdom at peace, strong and united under a forceful ruler, which had been only a longed-for ideal in the time of the Warring States, was finally realized by the establishment of a Chinese Empire under the Ch'in dynasty ( 221-207 B.C. ).

there was no Martian concept to match it -- unless one took `` church '' and `` worship '' and `` God '' and `` congregation '' and many other words and equated them to the totality of the only world he had known during growing-waiting then forced the concept back into English in that phrase which had been rejected ( by each differently ) by Jubal, by Mahmoud, by Digby.

He was closer to understanding it in English now, although it could never have the inevitability of the Martian concept it stood for.

`` I did not perceive this essential distinction either, First-Born '', Hesperus said at once, `` I was only practicing a concept that Jack taught me, called a deal ''.

This concept was emphasized by Sufi mystics like Rabia al-Adawiyya who paid attention to the difference between dedication to Allah ( i. e. God ) and dedication to people.

The zero was probably introduced to the Chinese in the Tang Dynasty ( 618-907 AD ) when travel in the Indian Ocean and the Middle East would have provided direct contact with India, allowing them to acquire the concept of zero and the decimal point from Indian merchants and mathematicians.

A third concept was proposed in 1923 by Gilbert N. Lewis which includes reactions with acid-base characteristics that do not involve a proton transfer.

The concept of an atom as an indivisible component of matter was first proposed by early Indian and Greek philosophers.

As it took many years for the name " The Ashes " to be given to the ongoing series between England and Australia, there was no concept of there being a representation of the ashes being presented to the winners.

Ford was the first company to build large factories around the assembly line concept.

The assembly line concept was independently redeveloped throughout history and not " invented " at one time by one person.

A peculiar feature of these Taoist thinkers, like the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, was the concept of feng liu ( lit.

Rabbi Trugman states that in the last five centuries the concept of reincarnation, which until then had been a much hidden tradition within Judaism, was given open exposure.

The Arian concept of Christ is that the Son of God did not always exist, but was created by — and is therefore distinct from — God the Father.

Woolfson, a songwriter and composer, was working as a session pianist ; he had also composed material for a concept album idea based on the work of Edgar Allan Poe.

A grant application to build a proof of concept prototype was submitted in March 1939 to the Agronomy department which was also interested in speeding up computation for economic and research analysis.