While the Byzantine Empire was to continue for nearly another four centuries, and the Crusades would contest the issue for some time, the victory at Manzikert signalled the beginning of Turkish ascendancy in Anatolia.

After four centuries of urban life, this abrupt climatic change evidently caused abandonment of Tell Leilan, regional desertion, and collapse of the Akkadian empire based in southern Mesopotamia.

In the four centuries since their disappearance, the Roanoke colonists have been the subject of a mystery that still challenges historians and archaeologists as one of America's oldest.

Porteous and Roche agree that the Book of Daniel is composed of folktales that were used to fortify the Jewish faith during a time of great persecution and oppression by the Hellenized Seleucids some four centuries after Babylonian captivity.

For the next four centuries, the Kingdom of Croatia was ruled by the Sabor ( parliament ) and a Ban ( viceroy ) appointed by the king.

The Sui Dynasty, which managed to reunite the country in 589 after nearly four centuries of political fragmentation, played a role more important than its length of existence would suggest.

Canadian English is the product of four waves of immigration and settlement over a period of almost two centuries.

The crossbow is portrayed as a hunting weapon on four Pictish stones from early medieval Scotland ( 6th to 9th centuries ): St. Vigeans no.

* 1936 – Australian cricketer Jack Fingleton becomes the first player to score centuries in four consecutive Test innings.

The location of the village to which Cervantes alludes in the opening sentence of Don Quixote has been the subject of debate since its publication over four centuries ago.

) So, the shift in the date of the equinox that occurred between the 4th and the 16th centuries was annulled with the Gregorian calendar, but nothing was done for the first four centuries of the Julian calendar.

* 202 BC – coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place, initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty's rule over China.

Rhenish Franconia was the heartland of the Salian dynasty, which provided four emperors in the 11th and 12th centuries: Conrad II, Henry III, Henry IV, and Henry V. Rhenish Franconia contained the ancient cities of Mainz, Speyer, and Worms, the latter two being countships within the hands of the descendants of Conrad the Red ( the Salians ).

Little was built during the first four centuries of Moorish control ( see Reconquista ).

It was Gibraltar's first hospital, and remained on the same site serving the people of Gibraltar for almost four and a half centuries.

This was the first open bloodshed in Roman politics for nearly four centuries.

Over four centuries of Roman rule had profound demographic effects, resulting eventually in the establishment of three primary Germanic peoples in the area: Frisians, Low Saxons and the Franks.

In the centuries after the departure of the Romans from Britain, there were four groups within the borders of what is now Scotland.

The partnership brought vast Lithuania-controlled Rus ' areas into Poland's sphere of influence and proved beneficial for the Poles and Lithuanians, who coexisted and cooperated in one of the largest political entities in Europe for the next four centuries.

The Mamluk province of Bilad a-Sham ( Syria ) was conquered by Turkish Sultan Selim II in 1516 – 17, becoming a part of the province of Ottoman Syria for the next four centuries, first as the Damascus Eyalet and later as the Syria Vilayet ( following the Tanzimat reorganization of 1864 ).

The Pāla's were a Buddhist and Vaishnav Hindu Bengali dynasty of India, which lasted for four centuries ( 750-1120 AD ).

The Han Dynasty ( simplified Chinese: 汉朝 ; traditional Chinese: 漢朝 ; pinyin: Hàn Cháo ; 206 BCE – 220 CE ) was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms ( 220 – 265 CE ). Spanning over four centuries, the period of the Han Dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the " Han people ".

Cambro-Norman control was initially limited to the south-eastern parts of Ireland so a further four centuries were to elapse before the entire island was shired.

It was a centre of Irish monasticism for four centuries and is today renowned for its tranquility and natural beauty.

Two Corps HQs ( Ustruma and VIII ), two Nizamiye divisions ( 14th and 22nd ) and four Redif divisions ( Salonika, Drama, Naslic and Serez ) were thus lost to the Ottoman order of battle.

The Ottoman fleet, with four battleships, nine destroyers and six torpedo boats, sailed to the entrance of the straits.

On, a Greek Farman MF. 7, piloted by Lt. Moutousis and with Ensign Moraitinis as an observer, carried out an aerial reconnaissance of the Ottoman fleet in its anchorage at Nagara, and launched four bombs on the anchored ships.

HT sees Islam's pivotal turning point as occurring not with the death of Ali, or one of the other four rightly guided Caliphs in the 7th century, but with the 1918 or 1922 abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate.

Travelling mostly across Western Europe, he promised several backers as well as four Roman Catholic Popes that he would make Christianity the state religion of the Ottoman sultanate if he ever succeeded to the Imperial throne.

With the conquest of Karesi, nearly the whole of northwestern Anatolia was included in the Ottoman Empire, and the four cities of Bursa, Izmit ( Nicomedia ), Iznik ( Nicea ), and Bergama ( Pergamum ) had become strongholds of its power.

At this stage of his conquests Orhan's Ottoman Principality had four provinces:

He repulsed the British in four expeditions and had relations with the Central Powers of the Ottoman and German Empires.

After more than four years of trench warfare in western Europe, and 20 million dead, those powers who had formed the Triple Entente ( France, Britain, and Russia, later replaced by the United States and joined by Italy ) emerged victorious over the Central Powers ( Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire ).

Thessaly became part of the modern Greek state in 1881, after four and a half centuries of Ottoman rule.

After the failed crusade of Władysław III of Poland in 1443 towards Sofia, the city's Christian elite was annihilated and the city became the capital of the Ottoman province ( beylerbeylik ) of Rumelia for more than four centuries, which encouraged many Turks to settle there.

However, the present Ottoman fortress was built following the publication of a firman in 1573 A. D. ( 981 H .):" You have sent a letter and have reported that four walls of the fortress Ras al-Ayn have been built, I have commanded that when firman arrives you shall built the above mentioned rooms and mosque with its minaret and have the guards remove the earth outside and clean and tidy place.

The failure of the Crusade of Varna made the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453 all but inevitable, and Varna ( with all of Bulgaria ) was to remain under Ottoman domination for over four centuries.

Under Ottoman rule, Kyrenia district was at first one of four, then one of six, administrative districts of the island and the town remained its administrative capital.

The capture of Thessaloniki against Constantine's whim proved a crucial achievement: the pacts of the Balkan League had provided that in the forthcoming war against the Ottoman Empire, the four Balkan allies would provisionally hold any ground they took from the Turks, without contest from the other allies.

They were subject to strict discipline, but they were paid salaries and pensions on retirement, and were free to marry ; those conscripted through devşirme formed a distinctive social class which quickly became the ruling class of the Ottoman Empire, rivaling the Turkish aristocracy in one of the four royal institutions: the Palace, the Scribes, the Religious and the Military.

The Berlin Congress in 1878 annexed Podgorica to Montenegro, marking the end of four centuries of Ottoman rule, and the beginning of a new era in the development of Podgorica and Montenegro.

There are four ' abortive civilizations ' ( Abortive Far Western Christian, Abortive Far Eastern Christian, Abortive Scandinavian, Abortive Syriac ) and five ' arrested civilizations ' ( Polynesian, Eskimo, Nomadic, Ottoman, Spartan ).

* The British Mandate of Iraq High Commissioners – After Ottoman Iraq was conquered by British forces, the mandate territory had four incumbents, after a single civilian Administrator ( 10 January 1919 – 1 October 1920 Sir Arnold Talbot Wilson ), continuing ten years after the accession to the throne and most of the rule of the country's first Malik ( King, reigned 23 August 1921 – 8 September 1933 ) Faysal I ( b. 1885 – d. 1933 ):

Adrianople contains the ruins of the ancient palace of the Ottoman Sultans and the Selimiye Mosque, one of the most important monuments in this ancient province ; built in 1575 and designed by Turkey's greatest master architect, Mimar Sinan, it has the highest minarets in Turkey, at 70. 9 meters and a cupola three or four feet higher than that of Hagia Sophia Mosque in Istanbul.

Following the outbreak of World War I, Zionism was first discussed at a British Cabinet level on 9 November 1914, four days after Britain's declaration of war on the Ottoman Empire.

On June 10, 1878, about eighty delegates, mostly Muslim religious leaders, clan chiefs, and other influential people from the four Albanian-populated Ottoman vilayets, met in the Kosovo city of Prizren.

The autonomous system of administration and justice of the four vilayets with the substantial Albanian population, accepted by Ottoman Empire, as autonomous Albanian vilayet was included in the agenda of the Albanian National Awakening during League of Prizren.