These frequencies are amplified and detected by the FM receiver after each burst of transmitted energy and, after the `` pill '' has been calibrated, precise internal pressure indications can be obtained.

The internal energy of an ideal gas depends on temperature only and is independent of pressure or volume.

Due to this increase in pressure, the parcel's volume decreases and its temperature increases, thus increasing the internal energy.

When the pressure applied on a parcel of air decreases, the air in the parcel is allowed to expand ; as the volume increases, the temperature falls and internal energy decreases.

For a simple substance, during an adiabatic process in which the volume increases, the internal energy of the working substance must decrease

Since this process does not involve any heat transfer or work, the First Law of Thermodynamics then implies that the net internal energy change of the system is zero.

For an ideal gas, the temperature remains constant because the internal energy only depends on temperature in that case.

where dU is the change in the internal energy of the system and δW is work done

Any work ( δW ) done must be done at the expense of internal energy U, since no heat δQ is being supplied from the surroundings.

For an ideal gas the internal energy is given by

The change in internal energy of a system, measured from state 1 to state 2, is equal to

Observation of electron tracks independent of the frequency of the incident photon suggested a mechanism for electron ionization that was caused from an internal conversion of energy from a radiationless transition.

This change in energy is called the change in internal energy of a chemical reaction.

Where is the internal energy of formation of the reactant molecules that can be calculated from the bond energies of the various chemical bonds of the molecules under consideration and is the internal energy of formation of the product molecules.

The internal energy change of a process is equal to the heat change if it is measured under conditions of constant volume, as in a closed rigid container such as a bomb calorimeter.

However, under conditions of constant pressure, as in reactions in vessels open to the atmosphere, the measured heat change is not always equal to the internal energy change, because pressure-volume work also releases or absorbs energy.

Even for homogeneous " bulk " materials, the free energy functions depend on the composition, as do all the extensive thermodynamic potentials, including the internal energy.

Reactions can also be characterized by the internal energy which takes into account changes in the entropy, volume and chemical potential.

* Conjugate variables ( thermodynamics ), the internal energy of a system

The cytoplasm is the gel-like substance residing within the cell membrane holding all the cell's internal sub-structures ( called organelles ), outside the nucleus.

Volumetric heat capacity ( VHC ), also termed volume-specific heat capacity, describes the ability of a given volume of a substance to store internal energy while undergoing a given temperature change, but without undergoing a phase transition.

The notions that internal thoughts support self-intoxication and that the practitioner is in control of the addictive voice have become foundational in " evidence-based " treatment schemes at more progressive substance abuse treatment facilities in the US, Canada, Australia and the UK.

Simply speaking, chemical properties cannot be determined just by viewing or touching the substance ; the substance's internal structure must be affected for its chemical properties to be investigated.

* Shearing ( physics ), the deformation of a material substance in which parallel internal surfaces slide past one another

* Prolonged internal exposure because a substance remains in the body for a long time

His theory was soon attacked by several contemporary physiologists, such as Ludimar Hermann, who maintained that a living untouched tissue, such as a muscle, is not the subject of electric currents so long as it is at rest, it is isoelectric in substance, and therefore need not be supposed to be made up of electric molecules, all the electric phenomena which it manifests being due to internal molecular changes associated with activity or injury.

If intensive internal energy is expressed relative to units of amount of substance ( mol ), then it is referred to as molar internal energy and the unit is J / mol.

The internal energy is an extensive property: it depends on the size of the system, or on the amount of substance it contains.

However, even before the days of Plato, a prominent alternate theory of knowledge insisted that the perceived outside reality is merely an internal fabrication of the observer and that it has no existence or substance outside the imagination of the observer.

However, for a real pure substance there is a component of internal energy corresponding to the energy used in overcoming inter-molecular forces.

The external carotid artery is covered by the skin, superficial fascia, Platysma, deep fascia, and anterior margin of the Sternocleidomastoideus ; it is crossed by the hypoglossal nerve, by the lingual, ranine, common facial, and superior thyroid veins ; and by the Digastricus and Stylohyoideus ; higher up it passes deeply into the substance of the parotid gland, where it lies deep to the facial nerve and the junction of the temporal and internal maxillary veins.

The communicating segment, or terminal segment, or C7, of the internal carotid artery passes between the optic and oculomotor nerves to the anterior perforated substance at the medial extremity of the lateral cerebral fissure.

It is important to note that a BLEVE need not be a chemical explosion-there does not need to be a fire-however if a flammable substance is subject to a BLEVE it may also be subject to intense heating, either from an external source of heat which may have cause the vessel to rupture in the first place or from an internal source of localized heating such as skin friction.

Outgassing can include sublimation and evaporation which are phase transitions of a substance into a gas, as well as desorption, seepage from cracks or internal volumes and gaseous products of slow chemical reactions.

He achieves a sense of the external event with internal force, clay is felt as substance not at the surface but through it, the substance and vitality of form arrives at the articulated surface, vibrant and new.

Academics and analysts observe that talk of democracy and liberal reforms from Egypt's leaders is spurred by a desire to garner internal and external legitimacy ; however, these reforms lack the substance needed to open the way for meaningful democratic change.

This vein receives the occipital occasionally, the posterior external jugular, and, near its termination, the transverse cervical, transverse scapular, and anterior jugular veins ; in the substance of the parotid, a large branch of communication from the internal jugular joins it.

* Low ( or nonexistent ) rate of internal degradation / excretion of the substance ( often due to water-insolubility )

It contains all of the valve's internal parts that will come in contact with the substance being controlled by the valve.

Whether a concept analogous to the principle of internal responsibility operates in a nation's external relations is less obvious and more difficult to establish.

To him, law is the command of the sovereign ( the English monarch ) who personifies the power of the nation, while sovereignty is the power to make law -- i.e., to prevail over internal groups and to be free from the commands of other sovereigns in other nations.

In addition to the authentication and acknowledgment procedures which precede and follow the sending of the go messages, again in special codes, each message also contains an `` internal authenticator '', another specific signal to convince the recipient that he is getting the real thing.

And Zen Buddhism, though it is extremely difficult to understand how these internal contradictions are reconciled, helps them in their struggle to achieve personal salvation through sexual release.

Certainly it is not necessary to repeat that the United States has no intention of interfering in the internal affairs of any nation ; ;

Different parts of these cells sometimes absorb or reflect different wavelengths so that it is often possible to see internal portions of cells in a different color.

( B ) That because of the low viscosity of the fluid, the internal pressure is the same in all directions.

As Loomis remarks, `` In the internal pattern the chief reason for interacting is to communicate liking, friendship, and love among those who stand in supporting relations to one another and corresponding negative sentiments to those who stand in antagonistic relations ''.

But there is also a firm aspect to lexicostatistics: the aspect of learning the internal organization of obvious natural genetic groups of languages as well as their more remote and elusive external links ; ;

For internal political reasons, the union asks for ( and accepts ) increases in the basic wage rate, and would vigorously oppose a reduction in this rate, but the adjustment of the basic wage rate upwards is essentially up to the discretion of the companies of the industry.

The aim is to collect a very broad range of physical, chemical, morphological, and structural data for crystals on an encyclopedic scale and to seek all possible useful and revealing correlations of properties with internal structure.

Basically, this means that simpler processing equipment ( the mixture has good flowing characteristics ) and less external heat ( the foaming reaction is exothermic and develops internal heat ) are required in one-shot foaming, although, at the same time, the problems of controlling the conditions of one-shot foaming are critical ones.

This relatively high value is probably due to the small fiber diameters increasing the number of internal reflections.

They differ from the cryptobranchids by having the prearticular bones in their lower jaw fused and reproduction is by internal fertilisation.

In caecilians, fertilisation is internal, the male extruding an intromittent organ, the phallodeum, and inserting it into the female cloaca.

In some fictional works, the difference between a robot and android is only their appearance, with androids being made to look like humans on the outside but with robot-like internal mechanics.

Stored data is regarded as part of the internal state of the entity performing the algorithm.

For most speakers ( even native speakers ), this form of the language is generally difficult to understand, as it contains many highly specialised terms for diplomatic, internal, official, and military matters.

Where a lake has formed within the basin, the water body is usually saline as a result of the internal drainage — the water has no outlet to the sea.

The classic example, considered by their American counterparts quite curious, was the maintenance of the internal comma in a British organisation of secret agents called the " Special Operations, Executive " — " S. O., E " — which is not found in histories written after about 1960.

A perfect crystal is one in which the internal lattice structure extends uninterrupted in all directions.