Ontologies are also not limited to conservative definitions — that is, definitions in the traditional logic sense that only introduce terminology and do not add any knowledge about the world.

( Note that in logic, a " sentence " is a formula without free variables, and a formula is " open " if it contains no quantifiers, which disagrees with the terminology of this article.

Readers lacking a grasp of the basic terminology and ideas of term logic can have difficulty understanding such texts, because their authors typically assumed an acquaintance with term logic.

Quine's writings on logic contain much that is in the spirit of term logic in that they frequently invoke grammatical concepts and examples taken from natural language, even employing bits of scholastic terminology such as " syncategorematic.

Thus, he used without hesitation the terminology of his opponents, which he set right and refined, ready to make himself hostage of the denominational logic of others.

Borrowing from standard terminology in mathematical logic, Hofstadter calls FlooP's unbounded loops MU-loops.

When reviewed in the light of contemporary standards of logical precision, it becomes clear that Lewin had the correct intuition, even though he did not have the benefit of a highly developed terminology of definition theory or modern day symbolic logic.

:< span lang = la > Dialectica est ars artium, scientia scientiarum, ad omnium methodorum principia viam habens ; sola enim dialectica probabiliter disputat de principiis omnium aliarum scientiarum, et ideo in acquisitione omnium aliarum scientiarum dialectica debet esse prior .</ span > " Dialectic is, logic, in Peter's terminology is the art of arts, science of sciences, having the way to the principles of all methods ; for in fact dialectic alone credibly argues about the principles of all other sciences, and therefore in acquisition ( learning ) of all other sciences dialectic must be prior.

Parts of the machine were up and running quickly, with the math and logic units ( the arithmetic logic unit in modern terminology ) running by the autumn of 1950.

The logic of creating a strong, balanced, competitive two-system railroad service in the East is so obvious that B. & O. was publicly committed to the approach outlined here.

The logic of that is impeccable, of course, except that I feel like a fool being driven up to work in a little car, by my wife, when everybody knows I have a big car and am capable of driving myself.

Since Russian was being spoken instead of Spanish, there is no violation of artistry or logic here.

With the Prior Analytics, Aristotle is credited with the earliest study of formal logic, and his conception of it was the dominant form of Western logic until 19th century advances in mathematical logic.

There is one volume of Aristotle's concerning logic not found in the Organon, namely the fourth book of Metaphysics.

In philosophy and logic, an argument is an attempt to persuade someone of something, or give evidence or reasons for accepting a particular conclusion.

In logic, the time that an algorithm requires to complete cannot be measured, as it is not apparently related with our customary physical dimension.

In computer systems, an algorithm is basically an instance of logic written in software by software developers to be effective for the intended " target " computer ( s ), in order for the target machines to produce output from given input ( perhaps null ).

ZFC, however, is still formalized in classical logic.

The axiom of choice has also been thoroughly studied in the context of constructive mathematics, where non-classical logic is employed.

** If S is a set of sentences of first-order logic and B is a consistent subset of S, then B is included in a set that is maximal among consistent subsets of S. The special case where S is the set of all first-order sentences in a given signature is weaker, equivalent to the Boolean prime ideal theorem ; see the section " Weaker forms " below.

Thus, an axiom is an elementary basis for a formal logic system that together with the rules of inference define a deductive system.

In The Mysterious Affair at Styles, Poirot operates as a fairly conventional, clue-based detective, depending on logic, which is represented in his vocabulary by two common phrases: his use of " the little grey cells " and " order and method ".

* In the Neal Stephenson novel The Diamond Age, ubiquitous molecular nanotechology is described to make use of " rod logic " similar to that imagined by Babbage's design for the Analytical Engine.

In propositional logic, associativity is a valid rule of replacement for expressions in logical proofs.

The Platonist seemed to outweigh the Aristotelian in Alan, but he felt strongly that the divine is all intelligibility and argued this notion through much Aristotelian logic combined with Pythagorean mathematics.

Jarry once wrote, expressing some of the bizarre logic of ' pataphysics, " If you let a coin fall and it falls, the next time it is just by an infinite coincidence that it will fall again the same way ; hundreds of other coins on other hands will follow this pattern in an infinitely unimaginable fashion ".

For Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten aesthetics is the science of the sense experiences, a younger sister of logic, and beauty is thus the most perfect kind of knowledge that sense experience can have.

As I dug in behind one of the bales we were using as protection, I grudgingly found myself agreeing with Oso's logic, especially when I imagined what would have happened to Missy if Old Knife's large party of screeching warriors had overrun our company.

The Löwenheim-Skolem theorems tell us that if we restrict ourselves to first-order logic, any axiom system for the reals admits other models, including both models that are smaller than the reals and models that are larger.

The comparison of these two signals enabled logic circuits to determine the true target reflection signal, even if the target were to eject radar-reflecting chaff.

As the user stories pass their acceptance criteria, the business owners can be sure of the fact that the developers are progressing in the right direction about how the application was envisaged to work and so it's essential that these tests include both business logic tests as well as UI validation elements ( if need be ).

A formula of propositional logic is said to be satisfiable if logical values can be assigned to its variables in a way that makes the formula true.

" But if conspiracies exist, they rarely move history ; they make a difference at the margins from time to time, but with the unforeseen consequences of a logic outside the control of their authors: and this is what is wrong with ' conspiracy theory.

As an example of a conditional proof in symbolic logic, suppose we want to prove A → C ( if A, then C ) from the first two premises below:

By the completeness theorem of first-order logic, a statement is universally valid if and only if it can be deduced from the axioms, so the can also be viewed as asking for an algorithm to decide whether a given statement is provable from the axioms using the rules of logic.

However, if one finds one single black swan, deductive logic admits the conclusion that the statement that all swans are white is false.

In logic and related fields such as mathematics and philosophy, if and only if ( shortened iff ) is a biconditional logical connective between statements.

In logic and mathematics, a two-place logical operator and, also known as logical conjunction, results in true if both of its operands are true, otherwise the value of false.

Prescriptivism is also supported by Imperative logic, in which there are no truth values for imperatives, and by the idea of the Naturalistic fallacy: even if someone could prove the existence of an ethical property and express it in a factual statement, he could never derive any command from this statement, so the search for ethical properties is pointless.

A paradox is a statement or group of statements that leads to a contradiction or a situation which ( if true ) defies logic or reason, similar to circular reasoning.

Additional registers would require sizeable chip or board areas which, at the time ( 1975 ), could be made available if the complexity of the CPU logic was reduced.

This particular deviation is disputed by some if only because E. F. Codd himself eventually advocated the use of special marks and a 4-valued logic, but this was based on his observation that there are two distinct reasons why one might want to use a special mark in place of a value, which led opponents of the use of such logics to discover more distinct reasons and at least as many as 19 have been noted, which would require a 21-valued logic.

There is a basic logic to the idea that any accident must reflect some kind of oversight or situational predisposition that, if identified, can be rectified.

In mathematical logic, a logical system has the soundness property if and only if its inference rules prove only formulas that are valid with respect to its semantics.

One defect of an instruction set with many hidden side effects is that, if many instructions have side effects on a single piece of state, like condition codes, then the logic required to update that state sequentially may become a performance bottleneck.

" We should try to explain the past by causes now in operation without inventing extra, fancy, or unknown causes, however plausible in logic, if available processes suffice.