The first stage of translation after glossary lookup is structural analysis of the input text.

Orazioni e frammenti ( now the standard text, with Italian translation, 1982 )

The works and fragments ( text with English translation, 2001 ) – reviewed in BMCR

Unlike his translation of the Pastoral Care, Alfred here deals very freely with his original and though the late Dr. G. Schepss showed that many of the additions to the text are to be traced not to Alfred himself, but to the glosses and commentaries which he used, still there is much in the work which is solely Alfred's and highly characteristic of his style.

Between 1424 and 1433 he worked on the translation of the Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers by Diogenes Laërtius, which came to be widely circulated in manuscript form and was published at Rome in 1472 ( the first printed edition of the Lives ; the Greek text was printed only in 1533 ).

Anaxagoras of Clazomenae: Fragments and Testimonia: a text and translation with notes and essays University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario, ISBN 978-0-8020-9325-7

* Natural language understanding ( and subproblems such as text mining, machine translation, and word sense disambiguation )

The spelling and names in both the 1609 – 1610 Douay Old Testament ( and in the 1582 Rheims New Testament ) and the 1749 revision by Bishop Challoner ( the edition currently in print used by many Catholics, and the source of traditional Catholic spellings in English ) and in the Septuagint ( an ancient translation of the Old Testament in to Greek, which is widely used by the Eastern Orthodox instead of the Masoretic text ) differ from those spellings and names used in modern editions which are derived from the Hebrew Masoretic text.

This remarkable text, originally written in Latin, is extant only in the 1549 translation of Bishop John Ponet.

Theodotion's translation is much closer to the Masoretic text and became so popular that it replaced the original Septuagint version of Daniel, in all but two manuscripts of the Septuagint itself.

One of the most frequent speculations is that the entire book ( excepting 9: 4-20 ) was originally written in Aramaic, with portions translated into Hebrew, possibly to increase acceptance-many Aramaisms in the Hebrew text find proposed explanation by the hypothesis of an inexact initial translation into Hebrew.

This discovery has shed much light on the differences between the two versions ; while it was previously maintained that the Greek Septuagint ( the version used by the earliest Christians ) was only a poor translation, professor Emanuel Tov, senior editor of the Dead Sea Scrolls ' publication, wrote that the Masoretic edition either represents a substantial rewriting of the original Hebrew, or there had previously been two different versions of the text.

According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, " a comparison of the Masoretic text with the Septuagint throws some light on the last phase in the history of the origin of the Book of Jeremiah, inasmuch as the translation into Greek was already under way before the work on the Hebrew book had come to an end ...

Even if the text of the Septuagint is proved to be the older, it does not necessarily follow that all these variations first arose after the Greek translation had been made, because two different editions of the same text might have been in process of development side by side ..."

The Hebrew text of Jonah ( 1: 17 in English translation ), reads dag gadol ( Hebrew: דג גדול ), which literally means " great fish.

The Vulgate translation was affirmed to be authoritative for the text of Scripture.

The most detailed account of Mangonel use is from “ Eric Marsden's translation of a text written by Ammianus Marcellius in the 4th Century AD ” describing its construction and combat usage.

The Hebrew text with an English translation can be found in the Siddur of Philip Birnbaum.

The translation, as literary critics claim, was not based on Cervantes ' text but mostly upon a French work by Filleau de Saint-Martin and upon notes which Thomas Shelton had written previously.

It is said that his translation was the most honest of all translations, without expansions upon the text or changing of the proverbs.

The most widely known English language translation was made by Sir James Fergusson, formerly Keeper of the Records of Scotland, from text that he reconstructed using this extant copy and early copies of the original draft.

They included two nearly complete copies of the text, referred to as Text A () and Text B (), both of which reverse the traditional ordering and put the Te Ching section before the Tao Ching, which is why the Henricks translation of them is named " Te-Tao Ching ".

* Daodejing Wang Bi edition with English translation, Guodian text, and Mawangdui text-Chinese Text Project

The 350th anniversary of the King James Bible is being celebrated simultaneously with the publishing today of the New Testament, the first part of the New English Bible, undertaken as a new translation of the Scriptures into contemporary English.

One is impressed with the dignity, clarity and beauty of this new translation into contemporary English, and there is no doubt that the meaning of the Bible is more easily understandable to the general reader in contemporary language in the frequently archaic words and phrases of the King James.

It is also seen that Af, since the change from Af to Af is accomplished by a continuous translation.

Finally, information is retrieved from the dictionary as required by stages of the translation process -- the grammatical description for sentence-structure determination, equivalent-choice information for semantic analysis, and target-language equivalents for output construction.

Gathering intelligence is important, but of equal importance is its translation into usable form.

Later on, when he became king in 1509, Henry VIII is supposed to have commissioned an English translation of a Life of Henry V so that he could emulate him, on the grounds that he thought that launching a campaign against France would help him to impose himself on the European stage.

" American shot " is a translation of a phrase from French film criticism, " plan américain " and refers to a medium-long (" knee ") film shot of a group of characters, who are arranged so that all are visible to the camera.

The process of making proteins is called translation and involves the step-by-step addition of amino acids to a growing protein chain by a ribozyme that is called a ribosome.

Non-standard amino acids that are found in proteins are formed by post-translational modification, which is modification after translation during protein synthesis.

Another example is the formation of hypusine in the translation initiation factor EIF5A, through modification of a lysine residue.

The earliest recorded use of this term in English is in Thomas Hacket's 1568 translation of André Thévet's book on France Antarctique ; Thévet himself had referred to the natives as Ameriques.

The common name alder is derived from an old Germanic root, also found to be the translation of the Old French verne for alder or copse of alders.

On the Principles of the Universe is preserved in Arabic translation.

His interest in foreign countries is shown by the insertions which he made in his translation of Orosius.

Although its function is unknown, it has been often suggested that the jewel was one of the æstels — pointers for reading — that Alfred ordered sent to every bishopric accompanying a copy of his translation of the Pastoral Care.

The Bible translation is a treatment of the Hebrew word olam and the Greek word aion.

Little is known of Andreas Capellanus's life, but he is presumed to have been a courtier of Marie of Troyes, and probably of French origin ; he is sometimes known by a French translation of his name, André le Chapelain.

Here is an English translation, roughly preserving word order:

" John's Island " in reference to the island's former name of St. John's Island: the English translation of Île Saint Jean ); in Míkmaq as Abegweit or Epekwitk roughly translated " land cradled in the waves ".

Coordinates from the mapping system can sometimes be roughly changed into another datum using a simple translation.

White Russia or White Ruthenia is a translation of the name Belaya Rus (, " White Rus "), which has historically been applied to a part of the wider region of Ruthenia or Rus ', most often to that which roughly corresponds to the eastern part of present-day Belarus including the cities of Polatsk, Vitsyebsk and Mahiliou.

The title has a very vague meaning in Russian, is not grammatically correct and can be roughly translated as " The Muttering-Not-That-Bad Show ", but sounds similar to Russian translation of the famous " The Benny Hill Show " ( in Russian — " Шоу Бенни Хилла ", " Shou Benni Hilla ") with a negation added to every part of the name.

Today it exists in several traditions, including the Masoretic Text, the Septuagint 47 books ( a Greek translation widely used in the period from the 3rd century BCE to roughly the 5th century CE, and still regarded as authoritative by the Orthodox Christian churches ), the Samaritan Torah, the Westminster containing the modern 39 books, and others.

Mark Rector notes in his introduction to his 2000 translation of the 1467 Talhoffer Fechtbuch that medieval swords were quite light, weighing between two and four pounds ( roughly one to two kg ) and were well balanced.

Two other famous quotes are, " I am in seventh heaven " which was his translation of an Icelandic saying, and " Ekkert mál fyrir Jón Pál " which roughly translates as " No problem for Jon Paul ".

In Poland, the last fragment of Władysław Tarnowski's song Śpij, kolego (" Sleep, friend "), a portion of the larger composition Jak to na wojence ładnie ( the title has no precise English translation, but it is roughly " how nice it is in war ", with a diminutive form conveying a sense of ironic solidarity ) is an integral part of a military funeral.

The owners gave the land over to the Separationsverfahren ( roughly, the process of crop rotation ) and “ had it given back afterwards ” ( uncertain literal translation of “ und ließen es sich hinterher zurückgeben ” from German original ), as a result of which the total area of farmland was reduced.

Each of the four nobles has jurisdiction over a part of Kzinti space, and are roughly co-equal despite the Federation's translation of their titles as different ranks of feudal nobles.

* " Open the door, see the mountain " is a direct translation of the Chinese phrase " 開門見山 ", which roughly means " go straight to the point " in a conversation.

Einmal, shortened mal ( literally: once, translation roughly: " for once ") also indicates a certain immediacy to the action or even implies a command.

The structure, combinatorial in this case, respected by translation shows that either K is a maximal subgroup of G, or there is a system of imprimitivity ( roughly, a lack of full ' mixing ').

In the volume Barddas by Iolo Morganwg ( edited and compiled by Reverend John Williams ab Ithel ), there are six versions of the Gorsedd Prayer, both in Iolo's original Welsh and in English translation ( the word gwynvyd, roughly corresponding to " heaven " is left untranslated ).

This goal has not been fulfilled yet, though various attempts have been made: a dialect of Scheme essentially differing only in its C-like syntax ; a translation of Emacs Lisp ; a Tcl converter motivated by tkWWW ; and something roughly resembling the Logo programming language.

But his original definition of dynamic equivalence was rhetorical: the idea was that the translator should translate so that the effect of the translation on the target reader is roughly the same as the effect of the source text once was on the source reader.

* Edler / Edle ( roughly equivalent in meaning to " Sir " or " Dame ", but not a common translation )

His title is given as Baliqchi which translates roughly as " Fisherman " ( or, in alternate translation " Fish-Lord "); scholars have hypothesized that this was a naval rank within the Khazar military.

Conejitos Mechanicos is the Spanish version of Bionic Bunny, and is roughly a literal translation as well.