Under French law ( the Toubon Law ), it is illegal for commercial signage to be in Breton alone ; it must be bilingual or else in French alone.

Under French law, an association can represent the collective interests of consumers ; however, each claimant must be individually named in the lawsuit.

Under the Ancien Régime, French society was divided into three estates (" États " in French ).

Under his auspices the French established a khān ( hostel ) in Sidon, the Florentines a consulate, and Christian missionaries were admitted into the country.

Under French rule, the educated class learned French and the language became widely used.

Under Grindal, a talented and skilful tutor, she also progressed in French and Greek.

Under Louis XIV France achieved military supremacy over its rivals, but escalating conflicts against increasingly powerful enemy coalitions checked French ambitions and left the kingdom bankrupt at the opening of the 18th century.

Under the French, the country formed the Territory of Guinea within French West Africa, administered by a governor general resident in Dakar.

Under the Constitution of 1791, the solution of a constitutional monarchy was adopted, and the king supported a war against Austria in order to increase his popularity, starting the long French Revolutionary Wars.

Under stronger political pressures the French government ultimately evacuated its troops from Suez.

Under their rule, Mysore fought a series of wars sometimes against the combined forces of the British and Marathas, but mostly against the British, with Mysore receiving some aid or promise of aid from the French.

Under the protectorate, French civil servants allied themselves with the French settlers ( colons ) and with their supporters in France to prevent any moves in the direction of Moroccan autonomy.

* Under the French Ancien Régime, it was of habit to " plant a May " or a " tree of May " in the honor of somebody.

* Minerva is featured on the seals of many schools and colleges: on that of Union College in Schenectady, NY, the motto is ( translated from the French ) " Under the laws of Minerva, we are all brothers.

Under protest from the PLO, Iraq, and Libya, who claimed that because Abu Daoud was traveling to a PLO comrade's funeral he should receive diplomatic immunity, the French government refused a West German extradition request on grounds that forms had not been filled in properly, and put him on a plane to Algeria before Germany could submit another request.

Under the command of Joseph de Pont Duvivier, the French had a garrison of 20 French troops at Port-la-Joye.

Under its French name Parme, it was also created a duché grand-fief de l ' Empire for Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance, the Emperor's Arch-Treasurer, on 24 April 1808 ( extinguished 1926 ).

Under Clement VIII he himself was made protonotary and nuncio to the French court ; Paul V also employed him in a similar capacity, afterwards raising him, in 1606, to Cardinal-Priest of S. Pietro in Montorio and appointing him the papal legate to Bologna.

Under the Articles, the states retained sovereignty over all governmental functions not specifically relinquished to the national government.

Under the Labour government of James Callaghan, a review by Lord Beswick had led to the reprieve of the so-called ' Beswick plants ', for social reasons, but subsequent governments were obliged under EU rules to withdraw subsidies.

Under most modern constitutional monarchies there is also a prime minister who is the head of government and exercises effective political power.

Under Confucius ' teachings, the disciples became well-learned in the principles and methods of government.

Under Chiang Kai-Shek, the government recognized limited civil and economic freedoms, property rights ( personal and intellectual ) and other liberties.

Under Lenin the party ruled through the government, for instance, the only political office held by Lenin was Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, but following Lenin's health the party took control of government activities.

Under the Global and All-Inclusive Agreement, signed on 17 December 2002, in Pretoria, there was to be one President and four Vice-Presidents, one from the government, one from the Rally for Congolese Democracy, one from the MLC, and one from civil society.

Under the governance of the jurists Gregorius, Aurelius Arcadius Charisius, and Hermogenianus, the imperial government began issuing official books of precedent, collecting and listing all the rescripts that had been issued from the reign of Hadrian ( r. 117 – 38 ) to the reign of Diocletian.

Under the present government, Ethiopians have little political participation.

Under the slogan " As much government as necessary, as little government as possible ," the FDP tries to limit the state involvement in the life of the individual as far as possible.

Under clause 17 Article I Section 8 of the Constitution however, Congress has power to " exercise exclusive Legislation in all cases whatsoever " over the federal district ( Washington, D. C .) and other territory ceded to the federal government by the states, such as for military installations.

Under the False Claims Act, the Department of Justice is authorized to pay rewards to those who report fraud against the federal government in an amount of between 15 and 30 percent of what it recovers based upon the whistleblower's report.

Under the 1961 constitution ( revised in 1975 and rewritten in 1991 ), Gabon became a republic with a presidential form of government.

Under President Shevardnadze's leadership, the government had nonetheless made some progress on basic market reforms: all prices and most trade have been liberalized, a stable national currency ( the lari ) was introduced, and massive government downsizing took place.

Under a one-year standby agreement with the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) in January 1979, the government promised to undertake economic reforms, including a reduction of the budget deficit, in return for a $ 68 million IMF support program and $ 27 million in IMF Trust Fund loans.

Under the program's first phase ( 1983 – 86 ), the government allocated US $ 1. 5 billion, or 36 percent of total investment, for that purpose and an additional US $ 222 million in 1987 for road and rail rehabilitation.

Under the Arzú administration, peace negotiations were concluded, and the government signed peace accords ending the 36-year internal conflict in December 1996.

Under this system, the president presides over the Council of State and serves as head of state and government.

Under the government ’ s post-conflict economic and financial program, implemented with IMF and World Bank input, real GDP recovered in 1999 by almost 8 %.

Under his leadership, the German government sought to reduce tensions with the Soviet Union and improve relations with the German Democratic Republic, a policy known as the Ostpolitik.

Under President René Préval ( President from 1996 to 2001 and from 2006 until 14 May 2011 ), the country's economic agenda included trade and tariff liberalization, measures to control government expenditure and increase tax revenues, civil-service downsizing, financial-sector reform, and the modernization of state-owned enterprises through their sale to private investors, the provision of private sector management contracts, or joint public-private investment.

Under the Bourbons, the Spanish government made several efforts to regain control of the Caribbean coast.

Under this title the book became famous in the English-speaking world.

Under the Roman alliance, the more oligarchic parts of the Athenian constitution, the Areopagus and election of officials, became relatively more important, and the Assembly and selection by lot less so.

Under it Jourdain became absolute master of the regions lying between the Pyrenees and the Alps, Auvergne and the sea.

Under the particular historical circumstances of the growing Church in the early centuries, the succession of bishops became one of the ways, together with the transmission of the Gospel and the life of the community, in which the apostolic tradition of the Church was expressed.

Under the rule of Frederick II Berlin became a center of the Enlightenment.

Under his supervision, the British Museum Library ( now the British Library ) quintupled in size and became a well-organised institution worthy of being called a national library, the largest library in the world after the National Library of Paris.

Under Schechter's leadership, JTS attracted a distinguished faculty, including Louis Ginzberg ( author of Legends of the Jews ), historian Alexander Marx, Arabist Israel Friedlander, and future founder of Reconstructionism Mordecai Kaplan, and became a highly regarded center of Jewish learning.

Under Stalin the most powerful position in the party became the General Secretary who was elected by the Politburo.

Under Mourinho, Chelsea became the fifth English team to win back-to-back league championships since the Second World War ( 2004 – 05 and 2005 – 06 ), in addition to winning an FA Cup ( 2007 ) and two League Cups ( 2005 and 2007 ).

Under this provision, cooperative restaurants, shops, and manufacturers became part of the Soviet scene.

Under Leopold II's administration, the Congo Free State became the site of one of the most infamous international scandals of the turn of the twentieth century.

Under pressure from Hitler over the worsening military situation, Himmler became anxious and unable to give him coherent reports.

Under his rule the kingdom became the centre of government for an empire which also included Denmark and Norway.

Under Mahathir bin Mohamad ’ s long Prime Ministership ( 1981 – 2003 ), Malaysia ’ s political culture became increasingly centralized and authoritarian, due to Mahathir's belief that the multiethnic Malaysia could only remain stable through controlled democracy.

Under constitutional changes in 2004, the MPR became a bicameral legislature, with the creation of the Dewan Perwakilan Daerah ( DPD ), in which each province is represented by four members, although its legislative powers are more limited than those of the DPR.

Under early English rule Jamaica became a haven of privateers, buccaneers, and occasionally outright pirates: Christopher Myngs, Edward Mansvelt, and most famously, Henry Morgan.

The site, an oak grove on " Morgan's Forty ", then on the outskirts of town, became known as " Under the Oaks ".

Under the influence of a tutor, Ferdinand T. Brooks, Nehru became interested in science and theosophy.

Under the London Declaration, India agreed that, when it became a republic in January 1950, it would join the Commonwealth of Nations and accept the British monarch as a " symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth ".

Under the Roman Empire, schools of law were created, and the activity constantly became more academic.

Under Winn, Churchill Downs prospered and the Kentucky Derby then became the preeminent stakes race for three-year-old thoroughbred horses in North America.

Under Louis XVI, the royal museum idea became policy.